• Rachael's Study Space • • 's Blog - Windows Live

Food condiments ...


Allspice --------------- Hong pepper, allspice, Jamaica pepper. .


Anise (star anise)-----anise, Illicium Verum, anise..


Aniseed --------------- anise. .


Basil-----------------basil, basil, nine-storey tower ...


Bay leaf --------------- bay leaves, bay leaves. .


Caper------------------caper ...


Caraway --------------- possession of Fennel fruit, caraway, page Artemisia. .


Cardamom--------------cardamom..


Cayenne pepper --------- chili pepper horns. .


Chive-----------------Allium schoenoprasum, Chives ...


Cinnamon -------------- cinnamon. .


Clove------------------lilac ...


Coriander -------------- coriander, parsley, coriander Hu. .


Cumin------------------cumin, fennel, cumin ...


Dill ------------------ dill. .


Fennel-----------------fennel ...


Fenugreek ------------- fenugreek. .


Hop--------------------hops, hop ...


Horseradish ------------ wasabi, horseradish. .


Laurel-----------------Laurel ...


Mint ------------------- mint. .


Mustard----------------mustard ...


Nutmeg ----------------- nutmeg. .


Oregano----------------oregano ...


Paprika ---------------- red pepper powder. .


Parsley---------------parsley, Ocean coriander Poppy seed ...


Poppy seed ------------ poppy seeds. .


Rosemary Rosemary--------------..


Saffron --------------- saffron crocus. .


Sage-------------------Sage, Sage ...


Tarragon --------------- tarragon, snakes Artemisia, Artemisia bacteria. .


Thyme-----------------and thyme, thyme ...


Turmeric -------------- turmeric. .


Vanilla---------------vanilla, sweet-smelling flowers ...


Wormwood -------------- wormwood, artemisia. .


Bilingual table of bakery raw materials ...


In China, the concept of home baking, or just emerging, so many baking class, books, recipes, websites are from overseas or Taiwan, so many recipes in the name of the materials are translated in English, said or Taiwan, and many raw materials packaging above are also in English translation of the statement or Taiwan, so if these names are not clear, then it is easy to have bought the wrong materials or materials with the wrong things happen, integrated a number of websites on the reprint, as well as explanation of books, some of the raw materials commonly used in baking and Taiwan in Chinese and English translation of the table listed below, in the hope sisters beginner baking help. .


English names Taiwan translation Chinese name ...


Whole Wheat Flour Whole wheat flour. .


Butter 牛油 奶油。.


Cream cream cream. .


Cheese and cheese ... cheese cheese ...


Cream Cheese cream cheese cream cheese. .


Yogurt yoghurt..


Sour Cream sour cream. .


Whipped Cream Whipped Cream ...


Plant Oil soybean salad oil. .


Shortening of solid vegetable oil with butter ...


Mary Kay Lin Margarine margarine. .


Lard 猪油 。.


Olive Oil olive oil. .


Chocolate chocolate chocolate ...


Jelly Jelly Gel. .


Small jelly Gelatin Geely..


Corn Sugar Corn Syrup paddle. .


Flour 面粉。.


Whole Wheat Flour Whole wheat flour. .


Spontaneous powder Self-raising flour ...


Corn Flour corn flour. .


Soybean powder Corn Starch millet flour corn flour ...


Potato Starch starch corn starch. .


Baking Powder fat baking powder ...


Cream of tartar cream of tartar. .


Easter 乳化剂。.


Almond Powder almond powder. .


Strawberry Strawberry strawberry ...


Custard Powder Custard powder. .


Cinnamon 肉桂。.


Vanilla Essence Oil Vanilla vanilla extract. .


Brand name ...


Giant Giant bike. .


Bridgestone; Stone bridge BRIDGESTONE bikes ...


MERIDA MERIDA bike. .


Three wood SAIMOTO Bicycle


Jetta Jetta vehicle. .


Jetta Wong Jetta GT vehicle ...


Age Superman Santana 2000 GSI vehicle. .


Passat Passat automobile ...


Fukang Fukang motor vehicle. .


Red flag motor vehicle car Hongqi..


Jialing Jiangling Motor Vehicles. .


Xiali Xiali automobile ...


Sail Sail motor vehicle. .


Bora Bora vehicles ...


Polo POLO motor vehicle. .


Yueda KIA Yueda automobile ...


Dongfeng Dongfeng Motor Vehicles. .


Qinchuan Qinchuan automobile ...


Great Wall Automobile Great Wall Motor vehicle. .


Geely Geely automobile ...


Yuejin Motor Vehicle Yuejing Motor Group. .


New continent (Hainan) sundiro vehicle ...


MACAT macat motor vehicle. .


Loncin (Chongqing) Locin vehicle ...


Daihatsu Daihatsu vehicles. .


KIA Kia Motor vehicle ...


Kete Mu KTM motor vehicle. .


Amazon AMAZONAS vehicle ...


Ami AME motor vehicle. .


BMW BMW motor vehicles ...


Three-color 3colour costumes. .


VI 6TH FEELING clothing..


Cheng Hong clothing A. . ECAW costumes. .


Ah Kam a.. LerGin dress ...


Magnetic button A. . O dress. .


AI·shangni (sanny) · SANNY clothing..


Yibei near Abool costumes. .


Art 獅 (Fur clothing) Ace apparel ...


Toray ACS TORAY ACS costumes. .


Vitality girls activegirl dress ...


Adai Wales ADELES costumes. .


ADIBEYNA ADIBEYNA dress ...


Adidas Adidas apparel. .


ADLO ADLO clothing..


Love all ADO costumes. .


AENINU AENINU dress ...


Ya Jiasi Agas costumes. .


El Romano AIERLUOMAN dress ...


Eagle AIGLE costumes. .


AI AIKERL dress ...


Love Aimer costumes. .


Section of AIMIER love fashion ...


Aini Scarlett ainisj costumes. .


Ai Rui AIRILY clothing..


Ai Cher AIXUER costumes. .


ALCOTT love cool dress ...





Immunocompetence ALLRED clothing..


Ai Erte ALLTOP costumes. .


ALMA ALMA clothing..





Ault ALTO clothing..





AMURS AMURS dress ...





Anbai·Yi Anebil dress ...


Anjielike ANGELIC costumes. .


Daniel Kleinman Linda ANMANI dress ...


Enman Lin ANMANI costumes. .


Anna·Su Anna sui fashion ...


Ant Arnold ANTANO costumes. .


Aucamp aokang clothing..


Aomi Ge AOMIGE costumes. .


Love mashi ARMERSY dress ...


Ya Ansi ARNS costumes. .


Love sijiawei AS ... JOY。. WE dress ...


Ai poetry Astra Asart. . Si costumes. .


AO Shi · Lanci Aslike clothing..


Hass Fort ASPOP costumes. .


Athletic Athletic clothing..


Off ATTOPRIMO costumes. .


Oubakana auburnkaka dress ...


Audrey audrey dress. .


AUGUST AUGUST clothing..


Austria Gesite August clothing. .


Augustus Augustus clothing..


Kangaroo Austarlion costumes. .


Aode Robinson AutaSon dress ...


Autumn Mist Autumn Mist dress. .


Axara Axara clothing..


B & W black and white dress. .


BABEI BABEI clothing..


Lee BAILIAN hundred costumes. .


BAIWEI BAIWEI clothing..


Bunker BAKE costumes. .


Balla Balla balabala clothing..


Balenciaga Balenciaga dress. .


Bannilu Baleno clothing..


State hi BangXi costumes. .


Ban Lianlou banlianlu dress ...


Banu Dan BANUDAN costumes. .


Fort road, Baoload dress ...


Bao Qian wolf baoqianlan costumes. .


Best Basset clothing..


Simple-minded dog bbdog costumes. .


Beisili Beat Rice clothing..


Mermaid beautyfish costumes. .


Than clothes than BEB clothing..


Tony Di Xin Ni bedsni costumes. .


Beild BEIERDUN dress ...


Tony beauty beijiaren costumes. .


BELAND than blue dress ...


Belle belle costumes. .


Lotus Nicole Bellen clothing..


Bella Villa bellvilles costumes. .


Kara Ben Kala clothing..


Bin Bao BENBO costumes. .


蓓 Shakespearean BENESH clothing..


Benetton Benetton clothing. .


Bennis Bennis clothing..


Beisibaodi BESTBODY costumes. .


Blackstone bestboy Bo clothing..


Washington State BESTDONE costumes. .


Betta Betta clothing..


BETTY BOOP Betty Dress. .


Betty van Betty van clothing..


Article Figure Betu costumes. .


Odd biaoqi dress ...


Buick bieke costumes. .


　 Bigi clothing..


? Bill Blass Bill Blass dress. .


Objective case Binge clothing..





Black black eye Eyes fashion ...





Blue Flag-Blue ... G clothing..


Bamboo BOBOO costumes. .


Road Boccaccio clothing..





Domain BOMVEY dress ...


Boli Ni BONINI costumes. .


Bonusi bonusi clothing..





France-bosivear bosivear dress ...





Bossini bossini clothing..





M BRAT clothing..


Branch facilities BRAUN BUFFEL costumes. .


Breeze Breeze clothing..





Bouni o BUNEAO clothing..


Burberry clothing. .


BUSEN BUSEN garment ...


Buyun buyun costumes. .


Unknown BUZHI clothing..


Do hereby BUZZIT costumes. .


Cloth Hall byitan dress ...


Beauty BYLR Park billion apparel. .


Carbene Cabbeen dress ...


Space clothing apparel CAD. .


Kadi Cadini dress ...


Caffey Virginia Caffier costumes. .


Cai Zi caiziyi dress ...


Kalifate caloryfad costumes. .


Kaerwen·kelaien Calvin Klein clothing..


Candy Clothing flute Ken children. .


CANUDILO CANUDILO clothing..


Cape Dinuo CAPTAINO costumes. .


Carniti Carniti clothing..


Way. . John CAROL & JOHN'S clothing. .


Kadi CARTELO dress ...


Cassin costumes. .


Catmonlar catmonlar dress ...


Zhuonuo Di CERRUTI costumes. .


Cerruti 1881 Cerruti 1881 clothing..


How silk CHABER costumes. .


CHAGALL CHAGALL clothing..


Guanlin chamois clothes. .


Chanel Chanel clothing..


Toward the peak CHARFEN costumes. .


Charisma charisma clothing..


Charles lost child charmy kid's costumes. .


Philippe Charriol CHARRIOL dress ...


Dayton CHEIDUN flag clothing. .


Pu chengpu dress ...


Xue Han CHIHEE costumes. .


Choose choose clothing..


Christian Dior ? Christian Dior dress. .


New health card EXTRA (hard) KENT DELUXE LIGHTS cigarettes ...


New Kent super special alcohol (hard) KENT SUPER LIGHTS cigarettes. .


Hard Marlboro Marlbora Cigarette cigarettes ...


Marlboro Marlboro cigarettes. .


Marlboro KS MARLBORO k.. S-cigarettes ...


Special alcohol MARLBORO LIGHTS Marlboro cigarettes. .


MILD SEVEN CHARCOAL FILTER MILD SEVEN CHARCOAL FILTER cigarettes ...


Seven Star International MILD SEVEN INTERNATIONAL cigarettes. .


Star EXTRA KS MILD SEVEN LIGHTS cigarettes ...


Seven super-special alcohol MILD SEVEN SUPER LIGHTS cigarettes. .


Seven star Mildseven Cigarette cigarettes cigarettes ...


How good mint (soft) MORE MENTHOL cigarettes. .


Baile short filter PARLIAMENT FILTER cigarettes ...


Paramount short special alcohol PARLIAMENT LIGHTS cigarettes. .


PeonyCigarette Peony smoke cigarettes ...


Rothmans KS ROTHMANS KING SIZE cigarettes. .


Salon filter EXTRA (hard) SALEM LIGHTS (Box) cigarettes ...


Sharon Light cigarette smoke SALEM LSS. .


Mg Salon SALEM cigarettes PIANISSIMO..


Shanghai Double Happing Shanghai Double Happiness cigarettes hard. .


Red Cloud and hard box Yunyan Cigarette cigarettes ...


YSL Filter 100MM YVES SAINT LAURENT FILTERS cigarettes. .


YSL EXTRA (hard), YVES SAINT LAURENT LIGHTS cigarettes ...


YSL mint 100'S YVES SAINT LAURENT MENTHOL cigarettes. .


YSL EXTRA Peppermint (hard), YVES SAINT LAURENT MENTHOL LIGHTS cigarettes ...


Alpine ALPS VODKA vodka wine. .


Ireland whisky JAM ... IRISH WHISK wine ...





Aomeijiajin OLMECA TEQUILA drink ...





Granville WHITE white horse HORSE WHISKY wine ...


Budweiser Budweiser wine. .


Bacardi Bacardi wine ...





Hundred red Mr Lumme de RON BACARDI PREMIUM BLACK liquor ...





Baili sweet BAILEYS GREAM wine ...


Braun tank special alcohol whiskey BALLANTINE'S FINEST wine. .


Ballantine's 12 years BALLANTINE'S 12YEARS wine ...


Ballantine BALLANTINE'S 17YEARS wine seventeen years. .


Ballantine's EXTRA BALLANTIN'S FINEST WHISKY wine ...


Pepsi Kyrgyzstan V. . S. . O. . P BISQUIT V. . S. . O. . P wine. .


Deli GRMADINE SYRUP Pomegranate juice wine ...


Bourbon Gelun Shi Bourbou Collins wine. .


Bordeaux red wine BOKDEAUX ...





Boshibai Mint BOLE PEEPERMINT WHITE wine ...





BOLs advocaat BOLS ADVOCAAT wine ...





BOLS BULE GURACAO boshilan Orange wine ...





Boshisong Lor cluck BOLS CHEME DE CACAO BROWN wine ...





BOLS cherry brandy CHERRY BRANDY wine ...





Long neck f.. O。. V wine ...


Great Wall Dry Wall Dry wine. .


Long Long Drlnks drinking wine ...


Great General Drossarc Napoleon wine. .


Denmark wine vodka DANZKA VADKA..





Dunhill XO DUNHILL x.. Wine o..





DUBONNET DUBONNET wine ...





Stolichnaya Stolichnaya wine ...


Bordeaux wine LabeaubdoreeborbeaX'Fra wine. .


France when BENEDICTINE DOM wine ...





DISARONNA AMARETTO almond square bottles of wine ...


Finnish vodka FINLANDLA VODKA wine. .


Manna Cafe liquor KAHLLA liquor ...


Gordon Gordon's wine. .


Gordon's Gin GORDONS GRY GIN liquor ...


Cossack Vodka COSSACK VODKA wine. .


Glenfiddich GLENFIDDCH SPECIAL RESERVE wines ...





GRANT GIN GRANT GIN liquor ...





Wide and port CAT PORT wine ...


Havana Club 3 years HAVANA CLUB 3YRS wine. .


Harvey ' s Sherry Wine HARVEYS wine ...


Henkel HENKELL TROCKEN sparkling wine. .


OTARD NAPOLEON Gouda Napoleon water bags POUCH wine ...


Hao Long tongue joy division JOSE CUERVO WHIT white wine wine. .


Tag Heuer architects JOSE CUERVO GOLD happy Agave liquor gold wine ...


Chinese Contract Law. .


People's Republic of China contract law ...


Centre For Chinese Legal Studies [Views 931 times] --- established in 1983 as the curriculum, extracurricular activities and legal exchange of the main body, attracted Chinese and American students come to Columbia Law School. This publication sponsored by the student legal periodicals in China, now, here, the largest concentration of research outside of China, Chinese law scholars. From Columbia University. .


China Economic Law Reform Project[viewed 675 times]---the Chinese economic reform research project, University of Canberra and the CUPL co-host. Establishing databases on economic law reform in China has ...


China Legal Change [Views 704 times] --- legal developments in China, reported the development of Chinese law, updated once every half month. .


ChinaLaw Web[viewed 722 times]---sponsored by the University of Maryland law school's China law society. There are English translations of Chinese laws and other information about the judicial system in China. English explanation of the most interesting information in Chinese law, is listed on the Chinese mainland, Taiwan and Hong Kong's comments on the legal problems ...





Chinese Contract Law Forum[viewed 1195 times]---the Chinese contract law forum, provide the English version of Chinese contract law ...


Chinese Law Index [Views 567] --- Chinese law index. .


Chinese Law Net (CLNET) [viewed 620 times]---is the online electronic discussion groups on legal issues in modern China. Focused on the People's Republic of China law, as well as on other legal issues within the jurisdiction of the Chinese and Chinese legal history discussions ...





Internet Chinese Legal]---Research Center[viewed 681 times China (mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong), online legal resources, law relating to the Chinese legal studies research guide and other information.


isinolaw. . Com [Views 540] --- to check the English version of Chinese law (fee). .


Law, Justice and Legal Services on China Today Website[viewed 669 times today,]---in China: legal, judicial and legal services, provides the national people's Congress, 's political consultative conference, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office for information. Lists some of the full text of the translation of Chinese laws are available in English ...


Legal Forum [click 653 times] --- for the British and Chinese lawyers to prepare publications, their work would help to understand the legal environment. .


PECL。.


Principles of European Contract Law. .


Part one and part two full text ...





Chapter I General provisions ...


Section I of the applicability of the principles. .


Section II general obligations ...


Terms and other provisions of Section III. .


Chapter II contracts established ...


Section I General provisions. .


Section II of offer and acceptance ...


Section III discuss responsibility. .


Chapter III right of agents ...





Section II direct agent..


Section indirect agent. .


　。.


Chapter effectiveness. .


Fifth explained ...





Seventh chapter meet ...





Special relief for failure to perform the ninth chapter (in both English and Chinese).


Section performance claim. .


Section II suspension of performance rights ...





Fourth sale..





　。.

http://www. . Colaw. .cn / fagui / waimao / picc. . Htm. .


The International Institute for the unification of..


International Commercial Contracts ①. .


(Rome, January 1992).


Chapter I General Provisions Chapter II Chapter III of the contract is entered into the validity of the contract interpretation of the contract Chapter IV Chapter V performance of the contract. .


　　。.


General Provisions. .


　　Article 1.1 (General clauses of purpose and scope).


General provisions of the general rules of international commercial contracts. .


　　Section 1.2 (application of the General rules).


(1) The parties agreed that their contract governed by the General, it shall apply the general rule. .


　　(2) can be applied to the following general rules:..


(A) the parties agreed that their contract by "general principles of law", "law merchant" ("lex mercatoria") or similar law; or. .


　　(B) the parties did not choose any laws govern their contract ...


(3) When the applicable law of the place of the problem can not offer solutions to problems related to rules, the General can provide the solution. .


　　(4) the General rules for files that can be used to interpret or supplement international uniform law ...


Article 1.3 (freedom of contract). .


　　Freedom of the parties to conclude a contract and the contract content..


Section 1.4 (binding contract). .


　　Effective conclusion of contracts are binding on the parties. Only under the terms of the contract by the parties or by agreement or otherwise provided by the General rules for the modification or termination of the contract ...


Section 1.5 (Mandatory rules). .


　　Any provision of these general clauses shall not be restricted based on application of mandatory rules on the application of the rules of private international law, whether or not such mandatory rules are domestic, international or supranational..


Section 1.6 (parties to exclude or modify the General.) .


　　Subject to this general rule otherwise, the parties may exclude the application of the General rules, or in part, to exclude or to modify any provision of this general rule for the effectiveness of the ...


Section 1.7 (the interpretation of the General and supplementary). .


　　(1) when the General rules of interpretation of this, consideration should be given its international character and purposes, including promoting its uniform application needs ...


(2) Where the General but the General does not within the clearly defined problem, as the ideological basis in accordance with the General to resolve. .


　　Article 1.8 (good faith and fair dealing).





　　(2) shall not exclude or limit the obligations of the parties ...


Section 1.9 (Usages and practices). .


　　(1) the parties have agreed to any of the practices and the parties have established between any of the practices that are binding on the parties are ...





　　Article 1.1 (notification).





　　(2) notice of arrival notification when it entered into force..


(3) Where subsection (2) the purpose of notice to be given verbal notice in person or sent to be notified of the place of business or mailing address, the "reach" to be notified people. .


　　(4) for the purposes of this section, "notice" includes a declaration, demand, request or any other intent to inform ...


Section 1.11 (Definitions). .


　　In General, ...


- "Court" includes an arbitral tribunal;. .


　　-"Business": when the party has more than one place of business, business is most closely connected with the contract and its performance of business, (at the time of determining the place of) should be taken into account before the conclusion of the contract or enter into the parties knew or given to ...


Chapter II Contracts. .


　　Article 2.1 (definition of the offer).





　　Article 2.2 (withdrawal of the offer).





　　(2) an offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the recall notification to offer service about persons before or at the service of some people ...





　　(1) before the conclusion of a contract are not, the offer may be revoked, if you accept a notice is given to the promisee before the promisee..





　　(A) the stated acceptance period of the offer or the offer to another way of saying that the offer is irrevocable; or ...





　　Section 2.4 (refusal of the offer).





　　Article 2.5 (commitments).





　　(2) accepted the offers entered into force expresses its consent to serve a notice of the offer when ...





　　Section 2.6 (commitments).





　　Article 2.7 (within the required time commitment).





　　(2) in the calculation of commitment period, official holidays or non business days of the commitment period should be taken into account. However, if the commitments promised during the last day of the failed to send a notification to the offeror addresses, because at the offeror the place of business is the official holidays or non-business day, then the commitment period shall be extended until the next business day..





　　(1) overdue promise is promise of effectiveness if the Offeror without delay notice either orally or in writing of such opinions about people, ...





　　Article 2.9 (withdrawal of commitments).





　　Article 2.1 (changes the offer of acceptance).





　　(2) However, the offer indicates acceptance but contains additions or different conditions of the reply, such as adding or substantially different conditions contained did not alter the conditions of the offer, in addition to the Offeror without undue delay, orally or in writing within the period of notice to an access-challenge, it still constitutes a commitment. If the offeror does not make such objections, contract conditions to the offer conditions as well as the commitments contained in the notice of change to ...





　　If issued within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract confirmation is contained in a written document added or different conditions of the contract, unless contained in adding or substantially change the different conditions of the contract, or within such period as the recipient without undue delay, notified orally or in writing on an access-challenge, a constitute a part of the contract ...





　　During the negotiations, under the specific matter or a specific party to adhere to agreements reached in the form of the conclusion of the contract, in the matter or the form before any agreement, contract does not enter into ...





　　(1) if the parties wish to conclude a contract, purposely left to further negotiation of the conditions agreed or determined by a third person, without prejudice to the establishment of the contract ...





　　(A) is not reached on the conditions of the agreement of the parties, or ...





　　Article 2.14 (non-credible negotiations).





　　(2) However, carried out in a non-credible negotiations or discreditable sudden disruption of one party to another party liable for damage caused by ...





　　Article 2.15 (obligations of confidentiality).





　　Article 2.16 (forms of contract).





　　(2) written contracts are subject to terms that the text agreed by the parties have been wholly contained conditions shall apply to earlier declarations or agreements to conflict with or supplement. But this statement may be used to explain the contract or agreement text ...





　　Article 2.17 (according to the standard terms of the conclusion of the contract).


(1) Where one or both parties use standard terms of contract, in accordance with chapter 18-20 shall apply to the general rules of contract. .


　　(2) the standard terms is one of the parties typically, duplicate made prior terms of use, and which do not have to negotiate with the other party and the actual class





　　If the parties are using the standard terms and reach agreement on matters beyond the standard clauses, terms and substance of the contract shall be in accordance with the agreed common standard terms, unless the parties expressly in advance or afterwards without undue delay notify the other party, he is unwilling to be bound by this contract ...


Section 2.19 (Accident terms). .


　　If the standard content, language of the terms or features with the other party could not reasonably have been foreseen, you do not have effect unless the other party expressly accepted ...





　　If terms of standard and non-standard terms conflict with nonstandard terms prevail ...





　　Article 3.1 (effectiveness of the agreement).





　　Section 3.2 (definition of error).


Conclusion of the contract on the relevant facts or existing law is the wrong assumption is not correct. .


　　Section 3.3 (errors).


(1) A party may declare the contract null and void due to an error, if error is so significant conclusion of the contract, in the same circumstances a reasonable person, if only to understand the truth after the different terms of substance will not enter into a contract or a contract, and:. .


　　(A) the other party making this error or cause this error, or knew, or ought reasonably to have known of the error, and has been misunderstood in an error state is contrary to reasonable commercial standards of fair trade. Or ...


(B) declare the contract null and void in the other party did not act in the spirit of the trust contract. .


　　(2) However, a party must not declare the contract avoided, if ...


(C) that party as guilty of gross negligence and error, or. .


　　(D) errors associated with a fact, and the risk of error on the facts had been envisaged to, or take into account all relevant circumstances, should be borne by the misunderstanding ...


Article 3.4 (express or convey error). .


　　Representation or errors that occur when referred to the statement issued a statement as a human error ...


Article 3.5 (for non-performance of the relief). .


　　If a party acting in reliance on provided or for failure to perform the contract to provide relief measures, that party shall not be entitled to declare the contract because of an invalid error ...





　　A party may declare the contract avoided, if his contract is caused due to fraudulent representations of the other party, including language, practices, or on the basis of reasonable commercial standards of fair trade, he should be disclosed fraudulent concealment ...





　　A party may declare the contract avoided, if the contract is due to the other party undue stress, and with due regard to the various situations, stress is urgent, serious enough to make it no other reasonable option. In particular, such as making commitments threatening acts or omission itself is illegal, or in order to obtain the promised are illegal, or undue stress ...


Clause 3.8 (a major gap). .


　　(1) if at the time of the conclusion of the contract or individual terms of the contract do not reasonably allow another party too favourable, party party or individual may declare the contract void. Here, which should take into account:..





　　(B) contract business environments and purposes of the contract ...


(2) the right to declare the contract null and void upon the request of a party, the court may modify the terms of the contract or to conform to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing. .


　　(3) receives notice of avoidance of party requests, the Court can also modify the terms or referred to in the preceding paragraph, provided that the party after the receipt of the notification, rely on the notification inform in a timely manner before notification is sent a party. In this chapter the 12th (2) the provisions of paragraph applies accordingly ...


Article 3.9 (beginning not). .


　　(1) is the only time of the conclusion of the contract impossible to fulfill the obligations assumed by the fact that does not affect the validity of a contract ...





　　Article 3.1 (third party).





　　(2) such as fraud, coercion, or substantial disparities due to a third person, and another party is not responsible for their actions, if the other party knew or reasonably ought to know this fraud, coercion, or substantial disparities or declared null and void when the contract does not act in a spirit of trust in the contract, you can declare the contract avoided ...





　　Entitled to avoidance of a party may declare the contract avoided after the start of the period to confirm contracts, express or implied, is not permitted to declare the contract avoided ...





　　(1) If a party has the right to declare the contract invalid due to an error, but stated willingness of the parties or of the other party has the right to declare the contract avoided understanding of the performance of the contract, the contract considered entered into at the latter's understanding. Such statements or the performance of the other party, you must know in it after this kind of understanding, the right to declare the contract avoided one of the parties to declare the contract avoided notification to act quickly before ...


(2) to make such a declaration or performance, the right to declare the contract null and void the loss of that line, to declare the contract null and void any previous notice were ineffective. .


　　Article 3.13 (notice of avoidance).


Must be notified to declare the contract null and void and that the other party shall be served. .


　　Article 3.14 (duration).


(1) with due regard to all the circumstances, to declare the contract null and void the notice must be given a party to declare the contract null and void or could not know the facts and be free to act within a reasonable time after. .


　　(2) according to individual provisions of the 8th section of this chapter may declare the contract void, you declared a period of another party to adhere to the terms beginning ...





　　Which has been declared invalid pursuant to affect only the individual terms of the contract, then the effect of the invalid is confined to those provisions, if appropriate taking into account all relevant circumstances, grounds maintenance contract for the remainder of the ...





　　(1) retrospective invalidation..


(2) to declare the contract null and void, any party may request the return of its declared invalid according to the contract or part of the contract has to offer, on condition that both parties have been declared invalid return under the contract or part of the contract accepted by all, or If a party can not be returned in kind, should the thing received compensation. .


　　Article 3.17 (damages).





　　Article 3.18 (providing for mandatory).





　　3.19 (problems not addressed in.).





　　(A) lack of ability, ...





　　(C) an immoral or illegal ...





　　Unless otherwise provided in these general rules, the provisions of this chapter can be applied by analogy to the party giving the other party's statement ...





　　Section 4.1 (the party intentions).





　　(2) such as the intention cannot be established, contracts should be based on and party, when a reasonable person in the same situation due to explain the point of ...





　　(1) party statements and other actors should be based on the intentions of the parties to explain, if another party is known, or could not have been aware of this intention..


(2) If the preceding paragraph is not applicable, the above statements and other conduct should be based on the same with the other party, reasonable person in the same situation understand to be some explanation. .


　　Article 4.3 (if applicable).


(1) of this chapter apply to the first, second, should give due consideration to all relevant circumstances, including:. .


　　(A) any preparatory negotiations between the parties;..





　　(C) after the conclusion of the contract parties any act;..





　　(E) the provisions of the trade involved and the meaning of the expression is generally conferred; and..


(F) any practice. .


　　Section 4.4 (ambiguous interpretation of the terms of the contract).





　　Section 4.5 (anti-terms proponents rules).


The case of a party of the proposed terms of the contract was ambiguous, the interpretation of priority made against them. .


　　Section 4.6 (taking a general reference to the contract).





　　Section 4.7 (fill in the blanks)..





　　(2) in determining what provisions for the right terms, you should consider the following factors:..


(A) language in the contract the parties expressed the intention;. .


　　(B) contract purpose, as well as ...





　　Section 4.8 (differences).


If the contract is two or more draft text has the same effect, and if there are differences between the text, the first under the contract to explain the initial drafting of the text. .


　　　　　　　　　　　　　 The fifth chapter of the performance of the contract ...


Section I General perform. .


　　5th. 1.1 (express and implied obligations).





　　5th. section 1.2 (implied obligations).





　　(A) the nature and purpose of the contract;..





　　(C) faith and rationality ...


Section 5.1.3 of Article (cooperation between the parties). .


　　Order to fulfil their obligation of a party, there's reason to hope that the cooperation of the other party, the Parties shall cooperate in..





　　(1) if the obligations of a party involves the obligation to achieve a specific result, the parties have an obligation to obtain a specific result ...


(2) If the obligations of a party involved in carrying out an activity best efforts obligation, that party is obliged to do the same qualifications, reasonable person would do under similar circumstances in the obligation. .


　　5th. 1.5 bar (which involves an obligation to determine the type of).





　　(A) the obligations under the contract expressly manner; ...


(B) the contract price and other terms;. .


　　(C) in the process of achieving the desired results in a normal level of risk involved;..


(D) the other party the ability to affect the performance of the obligation. .


　　5th. 1.6 (determines the quality of performance).


If the contract does not provide or perform under the contract can not determine the quality of the performance of the quality of party obligation to make reasonable and not less than the average case. .


　　5th. 1.7 (performance time).


A party must fulfill its obligations at the following times:. .


　　(A) if the time may be determined by the contract or determined under the contract, this time ...


(B) if a period of time determined by the contract or determined in accordance with the contract, then any time within this period unless circumstances indicate that the other party will choose a time, or. .


　　(C) in any other case, within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract ...


Article Article 5.1.8 (not yet term contract). .


　　Uncertain term of the contract according to a reasonable period of notice of termination issued by the party ...


Section 5.1.9 shall (once or phased in default). .


　　5.1. under section 7 (b) or (c) under the condition, performance, and did not show that there are other circumstances, the party must fulfil out their obligations ...


Section 5.1.10 (partial discharge). .


　　(1) when the due performance of the contract, creditors may refuse some proposal of performance of the contract, irrespective of whether or not accompanied by guarantees on performance of the contract the remainder, unless he does so without legitimate reason ...


(2) In partial fulfillment of the additional costs to the creditors, the debtor assumes, without prejudice to any other relief measures. .


　　X. 5th (fulfil the order.).


(1) If the parties can perform simultaneously, then the party obligated to perform at the same time, unless there are other circumstances that. .


　　(2) if only one party to take some time to fulfil, then the party has an obligation to first start, except that there are other circumstances ...


Section 5.1.12 article (early discharge). .


　　(1), creditors may refuse to accept in advance unless doing so, he had no legal interest ...


(2) If a party does not affect his acceptance in advance of its time to fulfill their obligations, if the time has been set, regardless of the other party's obligations. .


　　(3) added to the other party due to the advance of additional costs should be borne by the advance party, but shall be without prejudice to any other remedy..


Section 5.1.13 article (of performance). .


　　(1) if the contract is not required or cannot be determined under the contract in the place of performance, a party should be:..


(A) the creditor's place of business in the performance of monetary obligation;. .


　　(B) to fulfil any other obligations in their own business ...


(2) A party must bear the contract after the change to the performance of its business increased costs. .


　　X. 5th (determination of prices).


(1) If the contract does not set prices without pricing or terms, without any indication to the contrary, shall be deemed to refer to the conclusion of the contract parties to the transactions of comparable cases to perform the commonly used for such a price, such as no such price, as a reference to a reasonable price. .


　　(2) where the price determined by the parties and the price is clearly unreasonable, regardless of anything to the contrary, you should replace it with a reasonable price ...


(3) Where the price determined by a third person, and he is unable or unwilling to pricing, should be used at a reasonable price. .


　　(4) those who decide the price elements to reference does not exist or has ceased to exist or is not available, you get closest to replace ...


Section 5.1.15 article (paid by check or other instrument). .


　　(1) in the normal business processes can be used in place of payment used to pay any form of..


(2) However, regardless of the infringer voluntarily accepted under the preceding paragraph or a check, other payments or payment commitments, is assumed to be only in its commitment to get paid or when to do so. .


　　X. 5th (transfer payments).


(1) Unless the creditor has designated a specific account, to pay the money transferred by the creditor has been informed of the establishment of any financial institution account. .


　　(2) under the transfer payments, the debtor's obligation in the amount of effective lifting when you goes to creditors of financial institutions ...


Section 5.1.17 article (payment currency). .


　　(1) if the money of debt is denominated in currencies other than the place of payment, the debtor can be paid in currency of payment, except:..





　　(B) the parties agree should be used only to mean the money debt in currency to make payments ...





　　(3) paid in currency of payment shall be in accordance with payment due when payment is a payment application of prevailing rate when paying ...





　　X. 5th (which did not require money).





　　X. 5th (performance fee).





　　5th. section 1.2 (payment links to).


(1) bear the same number of creditors, the debtor payment obligations can be specified in the payment of the amount paid by debt. However, the amount of any fees to be paid first, followed by interest payable, and finally as principal. .


　　(2) if the debtor is not so specified, the creditor may, within a reasonable time after the payment declared sums paid by the debtor of the debt, as long as the debt is due and undisputed ...





　　(A) has expired or will expire first debt;..





　　(C) most heavy debt burden for debtors,;..





　　If none of the foregoing standards apply, paid proportionally to all debt ...





　　Appropriate modifications, 18th applies to links to non-fulfilment of pecuniary debts ...


Section 5.1.22 (Application Government permission.) .


　　Where a country's legal requirements affecting the validity of a contract made or to the impossibility of performance of the Government license, and that the law or this there is no other, ...


(A) if only one party's place of business in the country, the party shall take the necessary steps to obtain permission; and. .


　　(B) in any other case, their performance needs to be licensed one of the Parties shall take the necessary measures ...


Section 5.1.23 (Application permit procedures). .


　　(1) shall take the necessary measures as required by authorised persons shall act accordingly, without undue delay. He shall bear any costs arising therefrom..





　　5th. 1.24 (neither grant nor deny permission).





　　(2) where the license affects only certain terms, the first paragraph shall not apply, as long as, where appropriate taking into account all the circumstances, even if they are refused to grant leave, there's reason to continue to maintain the contract ...





　　(1) when a refusal to grant permission to affect the validity of a contract, the contract is invalid. Refuses to only affect the validity of certain provisions, only that part of the terms is invalid, as long as appropriate taking into account all relevant circumstances, there's reason to other parts of the continuation of the contract ...


(2) Where the refusal to grant permission to perform all or part of the contract is not possible for non-compliance rules. .


　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Section II of difficult terms ...


Article 5.2.1 (the contract must abide by.) .


　　If you are performing one of the parties becomes burden, he is still obliged according to the following terms difficult to fulfil its obligations ...





　　Increased compliance costs regardless of party or a party which has been performing value less, where a contract the parties fundamentally altered the balance of the events occur, a difficult situation, and..





　　(B) at the time of the conclusion of the contract, there is no reason to take account of the adverse party;..


(C) not subject to adverse events beyond the control of a party, and. .


　　(D) event risk is not undertaken by the adverse party ...





　　(1) in case of difficult circumstances, the adverse party has the right to request renegotiation, the request should be made without undue delay and shall state the grounds of ...





　　(3) if agreement cannot be reached within a reasonable time, any party can resort to the courts ...


(4) to make difficult decisions the court, if reasonable, you can. .


　　(A) in determining the date according to the conditions set by termination of the contract, or ...





　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 The sixth chapter fails to perform ...


Section I General. .


　　6th. 1.1 (definition).


The General in "non-performance" means a person fails to fulfill any of its obligations under the contract, including defective performance and the delay in performance. .


　　6th. section 1.2 (other party intervention).





　　6th. 1.3 (refuses).





　　(2) where the parties have been fulfilling, you should perform one of the parties should first carry out party to complete the implementation of the previous otherwise breach ...





　　(1) in the case of any failure to perform, the damaged party can notify the other party, given some additional implementation time..


(2) in this additional period, the damaged party may not meet its corresponding obligations and to claim damages, but shall not take any other relief measures. If he had received notification of the other party, informed the latter will not perform within that period, or if the expiry of that period are still not under contract to perform, the damaged party may take any remedial measures prescribed in this chapter. .


　　(3) If no damage to underlying delays when performing party has given notice of granting a reasonable additional period, terminate the contract when he becomes full during that period. If given an extra period length is unreasonable, it should be reasonably extended. In the injured party may, in its notice if the other party is not allowed in a notice required extra during the implementation of the provisions, the contract shall automatically terminate..


(4) When not only a breach of the obligations of the parties to fulfill contract obligations in a small part, (3) shall not apply. .


　　6th. 1.5 (force majeure).





　　(2) if the barrier is only temporary, taking into account the effects of such obstacles to the contract are within a reasonable period of exemption ...


(3) failure to fulfill obligations to the party should obstacle to its impact on its ability to perform notify the other party. If the notice does not fulfill its obligations in the party knew or should have known of the impediment within a reasonable time after the other has not yet received if he had not received due to the other party notice shall be liable for damage caused. .


　　(4) the provisions of this article are without prejudice to the parties exercise of the right to terminate the contract, or otherwise breach ...


Section II of the right to perform the contract. .


　　6th. 2.1 (performance of pecuniary debts).


Such as the obligation to pay a party without payment, the other party may request payment. .


　　6th. section 2.2 (performance of pecuniary debts).


If the party liable to perform a non-payment obligations without the other party may require performance, unless:. .


　　(A) de jure or de facto impossibility;..





　　(C) should be performed by a party has reason to obtain from other sources to fulfil ...





　　(E) should be performed by a party he was known or ought to know within a reasonable time after the failure to perform is not required to carry out ...





　　Includes the right of performance of the contract in appropriate circumstances called for rescue of defective repair, replacement or other rights. 6th. 2.1 and 6.2. provisions of article 2 of the corresponding application ...


Article Article 6.2.4 (court fines). .


　　(1) where a judgment of the Court for breach of party to carry out, if the client does not execute the judgment, the Court may also order the pay fines ...


(2) a fine payable to the damaged party, unless the law of another mandatory requirement. Damaged party to pay a fine of not exclude any request for damages. .


　　6th. 2.5 (change of relief).


(1) The damaged party is required to perform non-monetary obligations, but for a specified period or within a reasonable period of time, not been fulfilled, can be taken for non-performance of any other remedy. .


　　(2) if the Court for discharge of non-money judgment debt shall not be implemented, aggrieved parties to any other relief measures can be taken ...





　　6th. section 3.1 (the right to terminate the contract).


(1) A party may terminate the contract, as long as the other party fails to fulfill contractual obligations, constitute a fundamental non-performance. .


　　(2) when determining the failure constitutes a fundamental breach, should note the following important information:..


(A) whether the non-performance substantially deprives the damaged party is entitled to expect under the contract benefits, unless the other party did not foresee the results can not reasonably foreseeable. .


　　(B) have not fulfilled their obligations under the strict compliance with the contract of the basic elements of ...


(C) non-performance was intentional or negligent;. .


　　(D) failure to comply with whether the injured party has reason to believe that he could not rely on another party's future performance;..


(E) If the contract termination, breach of contract whether the party would be prepared to fulfill or perform due suffered disproportionate losses. .


　　(3) in the case of delay, aggrieved parties to terminate the contract, as long as the other party according to the 6th. 1.4 additional territories have remained unfulfilled..


Article 6.3.2 (notice of termination.) .


　　(1) a party to terminate the contract by notifying the other party to the exercise of the rights of ...


(2) If there is any delay or performance of the contract does not match the damaged party will lose the right to terminate the contract unless he knew or should have known the performance of delay or do not conform with the contract within a reasonable time, notify the other party. .


　　6th. section 3.3 (expected failure).


Where a party has performed, it is clear that he will simply not perform, the other party may terminate the contract. .


　　6th. 3.4 (fully guaranteed performed according to appointment).


Reason to believe that the other party does not fulfill the party may require adequate assurance, such as about the same time to honor their refusal to perform its obligations, if within a reasonable time can not provide such guarantees, the requesting party may terminate the contract. .


　　6th. 3.5 (the general effect of termination of the contract).


(1) terminate the contract, the parties to achieve lift and access to future obligations. .


　　(2) terminate the contract without prejudice to the damages for failure to fulfil requests ...


(3) contract termination does not affect any provision of the settlement of disputes, or even after the termination of the contract will continue the implementation of the other contract terms. .


　　6th. 3.6 (return).


(1) termination of the contract, either party may request the return of all that he has provided, as long as he returned he had received everything. If the return in kind is impossible or inappropriate when reasonable financial compensation. .


　　(2) However, if the performance of the contract has been renewed for a period and the contract is divisible only on termination of the contract after the entry into force of that period of time for fulfilling requests such a return ...


Section damages and Disclaimer. .


　　6th. section 4.1 (the right to claim damages).


Any failure to perform all the damaged party to receive either a single or in parallel with other relief the right to claim damages, unless the failure to perform can be exempt under section 6.1.4. .


　　6th. under article 4.2 (total compensation).


(1) The damaged party for the damage because they do not carry the right to be fully compensated. This damage, including any loss he suffered and been deprived of any benefits to the damaged party should be considered as to avoid the costs or losses arising from any proceeds. .


　　(2) the nature of loss is money, such as including physical pain or mental suffering ...


Article Article 6.4.3 (certainty of harm.) .


　　(1) only to the damage established with reasonable certainty, including future harm, to compensate ...


(2) the loss of opportunities that may arise can be compensated according to the extent possible. .


　　(3) where no sufficient degree of certainty to determine the amount of compensation, the Court has the discretion for determining the compensation amount ...


Section 6.4.4 of Article (foreseeability of the damage). .


　　Defaulting party only to the conclusion of the contract, he predicted or had reason to anticipate likely responsible for the loss caused by its failure to comply ...


Article Article 6.4.5 (there is evidence of damage when the substitute transaction). .


　　Where the injured party to terminate the contract and within a reasonable time a substitute transaction in a reasonable manner, on the difference between the contract price and the substitute transaction price, as well as any additional damage compensation ...


Article Article 6.4.6 (current price generated by the proof of the damage.) .


　　(1) where the injured party to terminate the contract and no alternative transaction, PCs for the fulfilment of the contract, contract pricing, contract can be terminated at the current price as well as any additional damage compensation ...


(2) The current price is the contract shall be performed in a similar situation on the delivery of goods and services usually charge a price, if the place no current price, current price to be reasonable with reference to the current price of another. .


　　6th. 4.7 (damaged party to blame for failure to comply with section).


Such as damage due in part to the injured party acts or omissions of the parties should bear the risk or other events, should be deducted the amount of damages caused by damage to some of these factors should take into account the behavior of their respective parties. .


　　.6th ...


(1) breach of contract for the damaged party party may take reasonable measures to reduce the damage is not liable for damages. .


　　(2) damaged party the right to try to reduce damages and compensation for any reasonable costs requested ...


Article Article 6.4.9 (Interest on damages). .


　　Unless you have agreed, on the debt of non-pecuniary damages for failure to perform of interest since the time of the failure to comply ...


Article Section 6.4.10 (unpaid monetary obligations of damages.) .


　　(1) If a party does not pay a sum of money due debt, aggrieved parties can request the payment of the debt due to payment of interest from the time when ...


(2) The interest rate shall be the currency of payment of payment of bank loans, the average for the best short-term lending rates, or, where that in the interest rate, was the country that issues the currency of payment of the interest rate. This is not the interest rates in these two places, should the country that issues the currency of payment of the appropriate rate prescribed by law. .


　　(3) the injured party has the right to not give him greater damage as a result of requesting additional payment for damages..


Section 6.4.11 article (way of monetary compensation). .


　　(1) damage compensation in a lump sum. However, when the nature of the damage payments where appropriate, you can pay off in phases ...


(2) may specify the damages paid in installments. .


　　.6th (estimate of monetary damages).


Expressed in monetary debt currency or monetary damage both to the most appropriate monetary estimation of damages. .


　　.6th (Disclaimer).


A provision to restrict or exclude either party fails to perform the contract obligations or to allow a party to perform substantially different from the other party the reasonable expectations of the performance, considering the purpose of the contract, it is extremely unfair to invoke the clause, then may not invoke the clause. .


　　.6th (failure to comply with payment of the contract).


(1) Where a party to the contract non-performance party shall pay a specific amount of damage, damaged party is entitled to that amount, regardless of how the actual damage. .


　　(2) However, where a specific amount of significantly more than the damage caused by failure to perform, and otherwise, you can reduce that specific amount, regardless of any contrary agreement..


Editor's Note:. .


　　The International Institute for the unification of the working languages are English and French, so the final document of the General rules in English and French versions of the two official texts. Association pointed out that, in order to ensure that the principles of broad application, States at the time of the translation of the General, you can use their specific legal terms or idiomatic expressions for more joy local intent to express in English ...


① "International Commercial Contracts" by international governmental organizations - the International Unification of Private Law (UNI-DROIT) organizations to develop, and the set of "General" will eventually be the general form of conditions or practices, rather than an international treaty or convention . "General," the scope of application than the "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods" is more extensive, that is not applicable to international sale of goods. In addition, the "General" content is more detailed and specific. "General," Once completed, the international commercial contract as the parties may choose to add the contents of the contract, the rights and obligations of the parties, and construed in accordance with contract terms. .


　　International Institute for the unification of stressed that the purpose of distributing the files only to listen to the comments of States, the current text does not represent the final opinion of the Association. Provided for under the General rules for the drafting of the 17th meeting of the Working Group (June 1992) discussions, appropriate adjustments will be made to the structure of the General rules for, currently still in progress, is expected to be completed in one or two years. Drafting of the text is now the Association was established in January 1992, when the 16th session of the working group drafting the file..


United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). .


The United Nations Commission on international trade law ...


United Nations system, the core body of international trade law. Members around the world who specializes in judicial reform, history of more than 30 years. .


International Chamber of Commerce （ICC）。.


International Chamber of Commerce. .


International business organization, comprises more than more than 7,000 companies and organizations from more than 130 countries. Objective is to promote international trade, international investment and market economy in the world ...


International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (Unidroit). .


The International Institute for the unification of..


Is an independent non-governmental organization, located in Rome. Goal is to study the comparison and unification of private law. .


European Union Commission on Contract Law。.


European Contract Law Commission. .


Public Contract Law。.


Public contract law. .


United States Association of the bar of public contract law home page ...


http://www. . Chinalawinfo. .com / nav / topic / contract / org /. .


Chinese contract law ...


International Contract Law 2005-2006. .


Week 1。.


Class: Wednesday 16 November 2005. .


11。.00-12。.45 h。.


Room 14A-04. .


。.


Preparation: 1. . You are familiar with contract law of your home country. .。.. . You will particularly focus on the Unidroit Principles for International Commercial Contracts (PICC) and the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL). .。. What can you tell about these organisations? What is their purpose in the field of (international) contract law。.. .。.


2. . You could also have a look at Unilex, a useful website containing a database on international case law and bibliography on the PICC. .。.


。.. .。. See, for example, Patricia Pattison and Daniel Herron, ‘The Mountains are High and the Emperor is Far Away: Sanctity of Contract in China’, 40 American Business Law Journal (2003) 459-510。.


4. . In this first week we will start with problems related to the formation of the contract. .。. Study the following papers which you can find in electronic form at Blackboard:。.


- K. . Zweigert and H. . K?tz, An Introduction to Comparative Law, 3rd ed. ., Oxford 1998: Clarendon Press, p. . 323-347 (Freedom of Contract and its Limits);. .


- R。. Sacco, ‘Formation of Contracts’, in: A。. Hartkamp and others (eds。.), Towards a European Civil Code, 3rd ed。., The Hague 2004: Kluwer Law International, p。. 353-361.





- J。. H。. M。. van Erp, ‘The Pre-Contractual Stage’, in: A。. Hartkamp and others (eds。.), Towards a European Civil Code, 3rd ed。., The Hague 2004: Kluwer Law International, p。. 363-380.


。. How are these problems being solved by contract law in your home country? And how are they solved in the event that the PICC or PECL would be applicable? What are the major differences you notice? 。.





Amsterdam:。.


(36). .


Arendt & Medernach 。.


Anthony Fokkerweg. . 1. .


Amsterdam NL-1059 CM, Netherlands。.


Tel: (311) 20 3055 789, Fax: (311) 20 3055 788. .


Website: www。.arendt-medernach。.com。.





Blenheim。.


Westerdoksdijk 40. .


Amsterdam 1013 ae。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Dr。. Jan Groot。.





Fax: 31-20-5210101。.


Email: mail @ blenheim. . Nl. .


Allen & Overy Nederland。.





Amsterdam。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Rob Abendroth。.





Fax: 31-20 671 8775。.





Baker & McKenzie。.


Leidseplein 29. .


Amsterdam 1017。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Peter Dekker。.





Fax: 31-20-6267949。.





Clifford Chance LLP。.





Amsterdam。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Ms。. Ruth Van Andel。.





Fax: 31 20 5777222。.





Beer Advocaten。.





Amsterdam 1071 DK。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. John Beer。.


Tel: 31206732199. .


Fax: 31206758163。.





Boekel De Neree。.


Atrium Building, Strawinskylaan 3037. .


Amsterdam NL-1077。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. J。. Sigaar。.


Tel: 31204313131. .


Fax: 31204313143。.


Email: boekel. . De. . Neree @ bdn. . Nl. .


Brada Kuttner Advocaten & Belastingadviseurs。.


Koningslaan 14. .


Amsterdam 1075。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. C Elam。.


Tel: (20) 676 6323. .


Fax: (20) 673 9777。.


Email: re @ bradakuttner. . Com. .


Dolk-Verburg-Diamond。.


Cronenburg 75. .


Amsterdam 1081 GM。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. F。. Mulder。.


Tel: 31203016161. .


Fax: 31206464716。.


Email: Dolk @ Dolk-Verburg-Diamond. . NL. .


Ekelmans Den Hollander。.


Frederiksplein 42. .


Amsterdam 1017 XN。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Ms。. Jan Ekelmans。.


Tel: 31205533600. .


Fax: 31205533777。.


Email: edh. . Legal @ edh. . Nl. .


Fresacher Advocaten。.


Officia I, De Boelelaan 7. .


Amsterdam 1083 HJ。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Peter Fresacher。.


Tel: (20) 442 1490. .


Fax: (20) 442 0755。.


Email: pjf @ euronet. . Nl. .


Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer。.


Apollolaan 151. .


Amsterdam 1077。.


Netherlands. .


Tel: 31 20 488 0900。.


Fax: 31 20 488 0901. .


Fruytier Advacaten。.





Amsterdam 1016 DV。.





Contact: Dr。. Jan Groot。.


Tel: 205304300. .


Fax: 206237129。.





Houthoff Buruma。.





Amsterdam 1070 AM。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Marcel de Zwaan。.


Tel: 31205772000. .


Fax: 31205772700。.


Email: mzwaan @ houthoff. . Nl. .


Kennedy Van der Laan。.





Amsterdam 1001。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Richard Fens。.


Tel: (20) 550 6677. .


Fax: (20) 550 6766。.


Email: Richard. . Fens @ kvdl. . Nl. .


Kupperman Van Der Wiel & Co。.


Parnassustoren, Locatellikade I. .


Amsterdam 1070 LK。.





Contact: Mr。. Erik Van Unen。.


Tel: 312030512040. .


Fax: 31203052050。.


Email: law @ kupwiel. . Nl. .


Loyens & Loeff。.





Amsterdam。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Jeroen Ten Berg。.


Tel: 31 20 578 57 85. .


Fax: 31 20 578 58 00。.


Email: jeroen. . Ten. . Berg @ loyensloeff. . Com. .


Nauta Dutilh。.


Prinses Irenestraat 59. .


Amsterdam NL-1077 WV。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. R。. Hooghoudt。.


Tel: 31205414646. .


Fax: 31206612827。.


Email: hooghor @ ams. . Nautadutilh. . Nl. .


Oppenheimer Wolff & Donnelly LLP。.


Viottastraat 42. .


Amsterdam。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Charles Moons。.


Tel: 31-20-305-57 00. .


Fax: 31-20-305-57 90。.


Email: cmoons @ oppenheimer. . Com. .


Parramore Advocaten Amsterdam。.


London Building, Burg. . Stramanweg 102-H. .


Amsterdam 1101 AA。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Michael Parramore。.


Tel: 31204090038. .


Fax: 31206968581。.


Email: parramore @ parramore. . Nl. .


Russell Advocaten。.


Reimersbeek 2. .


Amsterdam 1082 AG。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Paul Russell。.


Tel: 31203015555. .


Fax: 31203015678。.


Email: lawfirm @ russell-lawyers. . Com. .


Schut & Grosheide。.


Van Boshuizenstraat 12. .


Amsterdam 1083 BA。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. W。. Neervoort。.


Tel: 31205419888. .


Fax: 31206464966。.


Email: mail @ schut-law. . Nl. .


Shutts & Bowen, B。. V。. LLP。.


Europa Boulevard 59. .


Amsterdam。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Ms。. Rosemarie Schade。.


Tel: (31 20) 661-0969. .


Fax: (31 20) 642-1475。.


Email: RNSCHADE @ COMPUSERVE. . COM. .


Spelt Advocaten。.


Sarphatistraat 30. .


Amsterdam 1018GL。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. R。. E。. Spelt。.


Tel: 0031204688630. .


Fax: 0031204688631。.


Email: spelt007 @ wxs. . Nl. .


Steinhauser Hoogenraad, Advocaten。.


Van Heenvlietlaan 198, NL 1083 CM. .


AMSTERDAM。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Tjeerd Overdijk。.


Tel: 31 20 3013030. .


Fax: 31 20 3013040。.


Email: toverdijk @ steinhoog. . Nl. .


Steins Bisschop Meijburg & Co。.


Hullenbergweg 300, PO Box 22766. .


Amsterdam 1100 DG。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Martin Brink。.


Tel: (20) 656 1777. .


Fax: (20) 656 1700。.


Email: brink. . Martin @ kpmg. . Nl. .


Stibbe Simont Monahan Duhot。.


Stibbetoren Strawinskylaan 2001, Postbus 75640. .


Amsterdam 1070 AP。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Niels Koeman。.


Tel: 31205460606. .


Fax: 31205460123。.


Email: ssmd @ stibbe. . Nl. .


Trenité Van Doorne。.


De Lairessestraat 133, P. . O. . Box 75265. .


Amsterdam 1070 AG。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Paul Witteveen。.


Tel: 31206789123. .


Fax: 31206789589。.


Email: amsterdam @ trenite. . Com. .


Van Den Biesen Prakkan Boehler。.


Nieuwe Herengracht 51. .


Amsterdam 1011。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Britta Boehler。.


Tel: (20) 623 2605. .


Fax: (20) 620 3559。.


Email: bbohler @ bpb. . Nl. .


Van der Steenhoven Advocaten。.


Roemer Visscherstraat 47. .


Amsterdam 1054 EW。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Jan Van der Steenhoven。.


Tel: 31206077979. .


Fax: 31206831947。.


Email: mail @ vandersteenhoven. . Nl. .


Van Doorne。.





Amsterdam 1075 HJ。.





Contact: Mr。. Any Lawyer。.


Tel: +31 (0) 20 6789 123. .


Fax: +31 (0)20 6789 589。.


Email: amsterdam @ van-doorne. . Com. .


Van Mens & Wisselink。.


Rivierstaete Building. .


Amsterdam。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Prof。. K。. L。. H。. Van Mens。.


Tel: 31-20-301 66 33. .


Fax: 31-20-301 66 22。.


Email: vanmens @ vanmens-wisselink. . Nl. .


Van Schoonhoven In?t Veld。.





Amsterdam 1070 AZ。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Ferry Van Schoonhoven。.





Fax: 31206764339。.


Email: law @ vsiv. . Nl. .


Wieringa Advocaten。.


Herengracht 425-429. .


Amsterdam 1017 BR。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Erik Bink。.


Tel: 31206246811. .


Fax: 31206272278。.





Wouters Advocaten & Notarissen。.


Prof. . W. . H. . Keesomlaan 8, P. . O. . Box 75381. .


Amsterdam。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Ton Nederveen。.





Fax: 31 20 880 8787。.





Apeldoorn:。.


(1). .


Van Dijk & Van Arnhem Advocaten 。.





Apeldoorn 7313 EM。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Sipke W。. van Dijk。.





Fax: +31 55 355 9818。.





Arnhem。.





Dirkzwager。.





Arnhem 6824 BJ。.





Contact: Mr。. Maarten Baneke。.


Tel: 31263538300. .


Fax: 31263510793。.


Email: algemeen @ Arnhem. . Dirkzwager. . Nl. .


Bergen op Zoom。.


(1). .


Viragh & van der Tak。.


Postbus 500. .


Bergen op Zoom 4600 AM。.





Contact: Mr。. R。. L。. H。. Boas。.





Fax: +31 164 266388。.





Bilthoven。.


(1). .


Advokatenkantoor Terporten。.


Paulus Potterlaan 28. .


Bilthoven 3723。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Peter Terporten。.





Fax: (30) 225 1889。.


Email: cmm. . Terporten @ inter. . Nl. . Net. .


Bussum。.


(1). .


Roesink De Zeeuw Advocaten。.


Nieuwe 's-Gravelandseweg 60. .


Bussum 1406。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Dick Roesink。.


Tel: (35) 693 6464. .


Fax: (35) 693 6944。.


Email: values @ euronet. . Nl. .


Dordrecht。.


(1). .


Ten Holter Advocaten。.


Oranjepark 9. .


Dordrecht 3311 LP。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Peter Van Gool。.


Tel: 31786137177. .


Fax: 31786130171。.


Email: HNH @ worldonline. . Nl. .


Eindhoven。.


(2). .


Holland Van Gijzen。.


PO Box 3. .


Eindhoven 5600 AA。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Toon Lips。.


Tel: + 31 40 26 26 430. .


Fax: + 31 40 26 26 541。.


Email: nllips04 @ hollandlaw. . Nl. .


Wouters Advocaten。.


World Trade Center Eindhoven, Pastoor Petersstraat. .


Eindhoven NL-5600 AT。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Georg Van Daal。.


Tel: 31402447260. .


Fax: 31202448745。.


Email: georg. . C. . Van. . Daal @ nl. . Arthurandersen. . Com. .


Enschede。.


(1). .


Kienhuis Hoving。.


Pantheon 25. .


Enschede 7500。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Ms。. Catherine Templin。.


Tel: (53) 480 4200. .


Fax: (53) 480 4299。.


Email: c. . J. . Jorna @ wxs. . Nl. .


The Hague。.


(14). .


Arnold Siedsma。.


Sweelinckplein 1. .


The Hague。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Dr。. Ir Prins。.


Tel: 31 70 365 48 33. .


Fax: 31 70 361 50 54。.


Email: admin @ arnold-siedsma. . Nl. .


Buruma Maris。.





The Hague 2517 KX。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Cees Hagen。.


Tel: 31703529500. .


Fax: 31703503014。.





DeBrauw Blackstone Westbroek。.


Zuid Hollandlaan 7. .


The Hague 2596 AL。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Harro Knijff。.


Tel: 31703285328. .


Fax: 31703285325。.





Barents & Krans。.


Parkstraat 107. .


The Hague 2500 GL。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Clemens Sevenaer。.


Tel: 31703760606. .


Fax: 31703651856。.


Email: barentskrans @ skynet. . Be. .


Buren van Velzen Guelen, Lawyers Civil-Law Notaries Tax Lawyers。.





The Hague 2502 CD。.





Contact: Mr。. Philip ter Burg。.


Tel: +31 (0) 70 318 4200. .


Fax: +31 (0)70 356 1340。.


Email: terburg @ bvvg. . Nl. .


Den Hertog & Kam。.





The Hague 2514 EH。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Willem Kam。.


Tel: 31703624187. .


Fax: 31703648447。.


Email: hertkam @ pi. . Net. .


Houthoff Buruma。.


Scheveningseweg 66. .


The Hague。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. C。. J。. Hagen。.


Tel: 31-70 352 95 00. .


Fax: 31-70 350 30 14。.





Maaldrink Vermeulen Grooss。.





The Hague 2596。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. G Maaldrink。.





Fax: (70) 356 0490。.





mr E。. Lolcama Advocaat & Procureur。.





?s-Gravenhage (The Hague) 2514ag。.





Contact: Mr。. erik lolcama。.


Tel: +31 70 345 94 86. .


Fax: +31 70 345 95 35。.





Pels Rijcken & Droogleever Fortuijn。.





The Hague 2502 AT。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Leen Keus。.


Tel: 31703488700. .


Fax: 31703477494。.


Email: pelsbieb @ euronet. . Nl. .


Petten, Tideman & Sassen。.


Van Stolkweg 10. .


the hague 2596hv。.





Contact: Mr。. Bruno Tideman。.


Tel: 0031 (0) 703504055. .


Fax: 0031(0)703506187。.





Scholten C S Advocaten。.





The Hague 2514 EC。.





Contact: Mr。. Paul Scholten。.


Tel: * 31 (70) 362 4404. .


Fax: *31 (70) 345 8429。.





Trenite Van Doorne。.


Churchillplein 5. .


The Hague。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Paul Ch。. J。. M。. Berger。.


Tel: 31-70 338 3131. .


Fax: 31-70 358 4798。.





Udink, Gribling & De Jong。.


Alexanderstraat 2. .


The Hague 2514 JL。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Marc Udink。.





Fax: 31703110722。.


Email: all @ ugjlaw. . Nl. .


Hilversum。.





CMS Derks Star Busmann Hanotiau。.


4 Oude Enghweg. .


Hilversum。.





Contact: Ms。. J。. W。. Bouman。.





Fax: +31 35 67 21 888。.


Email: general @ cmsderks. . Nl. .


Leiden。.


(1). .


Teekens Advocaten。.





Leiden 2302BC。.





Contact: Mr。. Edward van Lent。.





Fax: 00-31-71-5722462。.





Leimuiden。.





Korteland & Partners。.





Leimuiden 2450。.





Contact: Mr。. Cees Korteland。.


Tel: (172) 506 862. .


Fax: (172) 506 863。.





Middleburg。.





Adriaanse & Van Der Weel。.





Middleburg NL-4330 AE。.





Contact: Mr。. Rikkert Hoekstra。.


Tel: 31118635365. .


Fax: 31118636178。.


Email: avdw @ zeelandnet. . Nl. .


Dirkzwager。.


Nijmegen. .


(1)。.


S. . Mathonsingel 4. .


Nijmegen。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Til Kressin。.


Tel: 31 24 322 66 41. .


Fax: 31 24 322 20 74。.


Email: algemeen @ Nijmegen. . Dirkzwager. . Nl. .


Rotterdam。.


(17). .


Van Mens & Wisselink。.


Weena 592. .


Rotterdam 3012 CN。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Shawn Conway。.


Tel: 0031-10-201-0500. .


Fax: 0031-10-201-05-01。.


Email: conway @ vanmens-wisselink. . Nl. .


Nauta Dutilh。.


Weena 750. .


Rotterdam。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Ch。. Peter Bannier。.


Tel: 31-10 2240000. .


Fax: 31-10 4148444。.


Email: banniep @ nautadutilh. . Nl. .


De Brauw Blackstone Westbroek。.


10th Floor, Coolsingel 139. .


Rotterdam。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Frederik Buijn。.


Tel: 31-10 240 65 00. .


Fax: 31-10 411 35 48。.


Email: fkbuijn @ dbbw. . Nl. .


DE LA FUENTE ABOGADOS。.


Postbus 4397. .


Rotterdam 3006 AJ。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Prof。. Eliseo De la Fuente Gonzalez, LL。. M。.


Tel: 31 10 2120273. .


Fax: 31 10 452 96 85。.


Email: efuente @ FuenteAbogados. . Com. .


Houthoff Buruma。.


Weenatoren, Weena 355. .


Rotterdam。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Ms。. Jacqueline Meyst-Michels。.


Tel: 31-10 217 20 00. .


Fax: 31-10 217 27 00。.


Email: jmeyst @ houthoff. . Nl. .


Kernkamp Advocaten。.


Veerkade 5D. .


Rotterdam NL-3016 DE。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Hein Kernkamp。.


Tel: 31104116471. .


Fax: 31104136923。.


Email: hein. . Kernkamp @ kernkamp. . Nl. .


Kneppelhout & Korthals。.


PO Box 546. .


Rotterdam 3000。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Hans Walhain。.


Tel: (10) 411 8920. .


Fax: (10) 411 4261。.





Koster, Claasen & Smallegange。.


Boompjes 550. .


Rotterdam 3000 AK。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Johan Van Noort。.





Fax: 31104122125。.


Email: KCS_Maritime_Law @ compuserve. . Com. .


Landwell。.


Marten Meesweg 25, PO Box 8800. .


Rotterdam 3009 AR。.





Contact: Ms。. Sarah Beeston。.


Tel: (10) 407 5123. .


Fax: (10) 407 5104。.


Email: sarah. . Beeston @ nl. . Pwcglobal. . Com. .


Loyens & Loeff。.





Rotterdam。.





Contact: Mr。. S。. Bertels。.





Fax: 31 10 412 5839。.





Schaap & Partners。.





Rotterdam 3001 KB。.





Contact: Mr。. Hans Kemper。.





Fax: 31104364977。.





Van Anken Knuppe Damstra。.





Rotterdam 3001 HA。.





Contact: Mr。. Eltjo Rentema。.





Fax: 31104143644。.





Trenité Van Doorne。.





Rotterdam 3000 AD。.





Contact: Mr。. JOS BOS。.





Fax: 31104042333。.





Van Harmelen Beijneveld Tubbergen Van Houten。.





Rotterdam 3001。.





Contact: Mr。. Pieter Tubbergen。.


Tel: (10) 205 1166. .


Fax: (10) 412 4011。.


Email: tubbergen @ vhenb. . Nl. .


Van Traa Advocaten。.





Rotterdam。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Marc Maanen。.





Fax: (10) 414 5719。.





Van Wijmen Nouwen。.


Westplein 12-14. .


Rotterdam 3001 KB。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Rob Meijer。.


Tel: 31104364066. .


Fax: 31104360582。.





Wouters Advocaten & Notarissen。.





Rotterdam。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Pieter Bolland。.


Tel: 31 10 880 1700. .


Fax: 31 10 880 1717。.


Email: pieter. . H. . Bolland @ nl. . Arthurandersen. . Com. .


Soest。.





Van Loon & Van der Wolf Advocaten。.


Van Weedestraat 3, PO Box 3255. .


Soest 3760 DG。.





Contact: Mr。. Jan van der Wolf。.


Tel: 00 31 35 6031503. .


Fax: 00 31 35 6027809。.





Tiel。.





Bierman AlofsWaiboer advocaten notarisssen。.


Lingedijk 58, PO Box 124. .


Tiel 4191 KK。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Theo Teeuwen。.


Tel: +31 344 618844. .


Fax: *31 344 612174。.


Email: teeuwen @ bierman. . Nl. .


Utrecht。.


(7). .


Bartels Advocaten。.





Utrecht。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Ms。. Dion Bartels。.





Fax: (30) 252 3943。.





CMS Derks Star Busmann。.


Pythagoraslaan 2. .


Utrecht 3584 BB。.





Contact: Mr。. E。. Vile。.


Tel: 31302121212. .


Fax: 312121222。.





PricewaterhouseCoopers。.





Utrecht 3508。.





Contact: Mr。. Frans Crousen。.





Fax: (30) 219 1965。.





Van Benthem & Keulen。.


Euclideslaan 51. .


Utrecht 3584 BM。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Cees De Jong。.


Tel: 31302528528. .


Fax: 31302528500。.


Email: biblio @ benthemkeule. . Nl. .


Van Mens & Wisselink。.


Wilhelminapark 60-61. .


Utrecht 3508 AL。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Frans Duynstee。.


Tel: 31302547947. .


Fax: 31302522552。.


Email: duynstee @ vanmens-wisselink. . Nl. .


Van Riet & Associees。.


Einsteindreef 111, P. . O. . Box 9907. .


Utrecht 3506 GX。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. Marie Cools。.


Tel: 31302635051. .


Fax: 31302635060。.


Email: vanriet @ wxs. . Nl. .


Wyn & Stael。.


Postbus 354. .


Utrecht 3500 AJ。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. W M J Bekkers。.


Tel: (30) 233 3244. .


Fax: (30) 251 1599。.


Email: bekkers @ wijnenstael. . Nl. .


Zwolle。.


(1). .


Dommerholt & Van Dijk。.





Zwolle 8001 BD。.


Netherlands. .


Contact: Mr。. C Borstlap。.





Fax: + 31 38 427 20 21。.


Email: c. . Borstlap @ dommerholt. . Nl. .


8:01 A。. M。. EDT 。.


THE PRESIDENT: In our great democracy, the Supreme Court is the guardian of our constitutional freedoms and the protector of our founding promise of equal justice under the law. .。. A Justice must be a person of accomplishment and sound legal judgment。. A Justice must be a person of fairness and unparalleled integrity。.


This summer I nominated an individual to the High Court who embodies all these characteristics。.. .


It is now my duty to select a nominee to fill the seat that will be left vacant by the retirement of Justice Sandra Day O'Connor。.。.


。. She has devoted her life to the rule of law and the cause of justice。. She will be an outstanding addition to the Supreme Court of the United States。.


。.


。. She served at high levels of both state and federal government。. Before state and federal courts, she has tried cases, and argued appeals that covered a broad range of matters。.. .


Harriet's greatest inspiration was her mother, who taught her the difference between right and wrong, and instilled in Harriet the conviction that she could do anything she set her mind to。.


Harriet was the first woman to be hired at one of Dallas's top law firms, the first woman to become President of that firm, the first woman to lead a large law firm in the state of Texas。.. . In recognition of her achievements paving the way for women lawyers, Harriet's colleagues in Texas have honored her with numerous awards, most recently the Sandra Day O'Connor award for professional excellence. .


Harriet has built a reputation for fairness and integrity。. When I came to office as the governor of Texas, the Lottery Commission needed a leader of unquestioned integrity。.. . The Dallas Morning News said that Harriet insisted on a system that was fair and honest. . She delivered results. .


Harriet has also earned a reputation for her deep compassion and abiding sense of duty。. In Texas, she made it her mission to support better legal representation for the poor and under-served。.。.


Harriet's life has been characterized by service to others, and she will bring that same passion for service to the Supreme Court of the United States. .。. I've come to agree with the late Chief Justice William Rehnquist, who wrote about the importance of having judges who are drawn from a wide diversity of professional backgrounds。.


Under the Constitution, Harriet's nomination now goes before the United States Senate for confirmation。.. .


In its consideration of Chief Justice Roberts' nomination, the Senate made it clear that a well-qualified nominee, committed to strictly interpret the law, can be confirmed promptly, and by a large bipartisan majority。.. . I believe that senators of both parties will find that Harriet Miers' talent, experience and judicial philosophy make her a superb choice to safeguard the constitutional liberties and equality of all Americans. .


Harriet Miers will strictly interpret our Constitution and laws。. She will not legislation from the bench。. I ask the Senate to review her qualifications thoroughly and fairly, and to vote on her nomination promptly。.


。. Harriet Miers is just such a person。.


。.





MS。. MIERS: Thank you, Mr。. President, thank you very much。. I am very grateful for the confidence in me that you have shown by this nomination, and, certainly, I am humbled by it。.





The wisdom of those who drafted our constitution and conceived our nation as functioning with three strong and independent branches have proven truly remarkable。.. . If confirmed, I recognize that I will have a tremendous responsibility to keep our judicial system strong, and to help ensure that the courts meet their obligations to strictly apply the laws and the Constitution. .


As White House Counsel, I have enjoyed the opportunity to work with the members of the Congress。.


And now I look forward to the next step in the process that has begun this morning, including the Senate's consideration of my nomination。. I look forward to participating in that process。.


And now I want to pause and thank all of those whose love and friendship and support have brought me to this moment. .。.


. .


I have a special note this morning for my mom: Thank you for your faith, your strength, your courage, your love and beauty of spirit。.


And thank you, Mr. . President, for this tremendous honor by your nomination. .


END 8:14 A。. M。. EDT 。.





Terms in the Court。.





Alibi: not in the current market Mathematical proof ...





Appear (in court): appearing..


bailiff: Court D, (the court) Security. .


By-law: determination, terms ...





Defendant: defendant ...


dismerit (traffic offense point): (record of traffic violations) shortcomings. .


Driving under influence: crack after medicine 駕 駛..


driving while intoxicated (DWI): drunk driving. .


Evidence: the card data..





First offense: offender ...


hear: (judge) trial. .


Hit and run: hit and then flee escape the current market ...


illegal parking: parking. .


Indict: 訴..


jaywalking: violations across the street. .


Judge: judge..


negligent driving: do not drive carefully. .


Parallel parking: parallel parked car ...


perjury: perjury. .


Plead guilty[not guilty]: certificate of crime [not certificate of offence]..


preside: (judge) in attendance. .


Recess: recess..


reckless driving: reckless driving. .


Ruling: determinations ...





Speeding: 駕 car speeding ...


take an oath: swear. .


Testify: the done card..





Traffic regulations: traffic rules ...





http://www。.tradeport。.org/library/index。.html。.





Bibliography。.





Trade Units & Terms。.


Trade & Shipping Terms Glossary:. .


a - b - c - d - e - f - g - h - i - j - k - l - m - n - o - p - q - r - s - t - u - v - w - x - y - z 。.





Classification codes used in international commerce for products, countries, and customs districts - US Census Bureau Foreign Trade Division 。.





International Currency。.





Pacific Exchange Rate Service provides a host of information regarding world currencies 。.





The Translator's Home Companion is a good starting point if you are in need of translation services 。.





Babel Fish from AltaVista provides rough translation of text you enter into it 。.


Geography & Travel. .


The World Wide Holiday and Festival Page 。.





US Council for International Business 。.


World Time and Unit Conversion. .


Law & Intellectual Property。.





Intellectual Property Society 。.


Copyright Law (Cornell U..). .


Patent Law (Cornell U。.) 。.


Trademark Law (Cornell U..) Economic and financial terms. .


Recession slump (recession recession).


The second board market the second board market. .


Chinext China Growth Enterprise Market ...





Market capitalization market capitalization ...


Legal person shares institutional shares. .


Internal unit (non-backed IPOs), private company shares ...





Legal risks of legal risk ...


Risk management risk management. .


Adhere to strict standards maintain strong underwriting standards ...


Six risk risks in 6 key areas (U.. S.. Federal Reserve criterion). .


Credit risk of credit risk ...





Primary industry (agriculture), agriculture (primary industry).





Tertiary (services) service industry (tertiary industry).





Gross domestic product GDP gross domestic product (the sum of the value of goods and services, income and expenditure does not include overseas).





GDP per capita gross domestic product per capita ...


Macro macro economy. .


Mutual fund, mutual fund ...


Expanding domestic demand, expand domestic demand. .


Improve mental expected to inspire the General public's confidence in the future needs ...


Encourage more immediate consumption encourage more immediate consumption. .


Long-term Treasury bond long-term Treasury bonds ...


Treasury bonds to service treasury bonds. .


Fiscal deficits and debt, deficits and the national debt ...


Calculate on calculate on the base line. .


Calculate based on the constant at constant price ...


Calculated at comparable prices calculate at comparable price. .


In budget expenditure listed in the fiscal budget ...


Exchange settlement system, the system of exchange, settlement and sales. .


Favorable balance of current account current account surplus, surplus of current account ...


Operate RMB business engage in Renminbi (RMB) business. .


Export rebate system the system of refunding taxes on exported goods ...


Deposit Account System Deposit account system for processing trade. .


Payments pay by installment ...


Compendium of inflation-proof bank savings. .


Mortgage loans collateralised loans..


Mortgage residential mortgage loan. .


Monetarists monetarist..


Planned economy, planned economy. .


Mandatory plans mandatory plan ...


Technology-intensive technology intensive. .


Mass production and mass production ...


Forest cash tree. .


To track audit follow-up auditing ...


Liquidity risk liquidity risk. .


Operational risk operational risk ...


Internal audit internal audit. .


Sell bear sales ...


Supporting policies and supporting policies. .


People's Bank of China (Central Bank) to The People ' s Bank of China (Central Bank).


Four state-owned commercial banks 4 major state-owned commercial banks. .


Bank of China Bank of China ...


Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Industrial and Commercial Bank of China () and. .


China Construction Bank, Construction Bank of China ...


Agricultural Bank of China Agricultural Bank of China. .


Merchants Bank, China Merchants Bank ...


Weakness in the stock soft stock. .


Rights allotment of shares ...


The actual growth rate growth rate in real terms. .


The average annual rate of average growth rate per annum ...


Return on investment rate of return on investment. .


Imports total foreign trade value ...


Actual utilization of foreign incoming overseas capital (investment) in place. .


Consumer price index, consumer price index (CPI).


Retail price index retail price index (RPI). .


Total price total cost of living index price index of living cost ...


Cost of living, income available for living expenses. .


In real terms in real terms/on inflation-adjusted basis ...





Engel coefficient (share of food expenditure as a share of total expenditures) Engel coefficient..


Gini coefficient (measure of regional disparities) Gini coefficient. .


Purchasing power parity purchasing power parity (PPP) (measured using different currencies of two countries or regions of a calculation method for economic levels, income levels, with equal exchange rate compared both with their respective domestic purchasing power of money).


Pursuit of growth excessive pursuit of growth. .


Bubble economy overheating overheating of the bubble economy economy ...


Inflation is inflation. .


Real economy, the real economy..





Market regulation of market regulation ...


Optimize resource allocation optimize allocation of resources. .


Advantage of economies of scale advantage of economies of scale ...


Labor-intensive labor intensive. .


Market risk market risk ...


Tightening tighten up monetary policy. .


Moderately tight fiscal policy and moderately tight fiscal policy ...


Credit crunch credit crunch. .


Strengthening State-owned commercial banks ' internal funds scheduled In State commercial banks, internal capital allocation should be improved ...


Rational division of loan approval authority Limits of authority for examining and approving loans should be rationally defined. .


Ensuring liquidity in the market, efficiency, and keep promise in enterprises ensure floating capital loan loans for well-performing and trustworthy enterprises which turn out the right products for the right markets ...


Start private investment attract investment from the private sector. .


Marketable products the right products/readily of marketable products ...


SOE state-owned enterprises (SOEs). .


Collectively-owned collective enterprises (partnership) enterprises ...





Privately-run private enterprise businesses ...





Foreign-funded enterprises (Sino-foreign joint venture, Chinese-foreign cooperation, foreign-owned) overseas-invested enterprises; foreign-invested enterprises (Chinese-overseas equity joint ventures, Chinese-overseas contractual joint ventures, wholly foreign- owned enterprises)。.





Return of the money withdrawal of currency from circulation ...





Commercial lending commercial lending ...


Recurrent expenditure operating expenses. .


Refinancing re-lending; subloan。.


Support for large state-owned enterprises and high-tech enterprises listing and financing support large state-owned enterprises and high and innovative technology companies in their efforts to seek financing by listing on the stock market. .


Listed An enterprise is re-organized according to modern corporate system so that it will get listed on the stock market ...


Further standardize and develop the securities market further standardize and develop the securities market. .


Increase the proportion of direct financing increase the proportion of direct financing ...


Improve the system of issuing and listing stocks improve the system for IPO and listing on stock markets. .


China Securities Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC).


City of Shenzhen Stock Exchange Shenzhen Stock Exchange. .


Shanghai Stock Exchange, Shanghai Stock Exchange ...


Composite Index composite index. .


NASDAQ (high-tech enterprises), NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation ...


Main Board of the main board. .


Deflation deflation ...


China's three-step strategy for modernization of the three-step development strategy of China's modernization drive first, and by 1990 GDP to double 1980 Step One: GDP of 1990 doubles that of 1980. .... Third-stage, medium-term 100 anniversary of the founding of 21st century, reached the medium developed country level Step Three:By the year 2049, the 100th anniversary of the p.. R。. C。., China’s level of development is expected to be on par with the mid-ranking developed countries。.


Contact with the world economy will more closely be more closely linked to the world economy. .


China's huge market potential will be gradually transformed into reality the purchasing power of The huge market potential that China enjoys will be turned into tangible purchasing power ...


Needs of the market economy system is not perfect laws and regulations The regulatory and legal system is not well established as to adapt to the demand of market economy. .


There may be some economic management system does not meet The economic management system may not be readily adapted to the changes ...


Some industries and enterprises may be adversely affected Some sectors of economy and some businesses may be adversely affected. .


Based on China's national conditions, proceed from national conditions play to their own advantage in China and bring our advantages into play ...


Weaknesses, while avoiding disadvantages, to meet the challenges of economic globalization foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses and rise to the challenge of economic globalization. .


Bottleneck bottleneck constraints ...


The Decentralized decentralization and interest concessions (in late 1980s and early 1990s). .


Deepening the reform intensify reform; deepen one’s commitment to reform。.


Reform supporting (concomitant) reforms. .


Matching funds counterpart funds; local funding of。.


Improve economic efficiency improve economic performance; increase economic returns. .


Tosociety value contribution to society; pay attention to social effect。.


Intensify reform develop information-based economy accelerate IT application in economy. .


Stimulating economic growth fuel economic growth ...


Profit delivery substitution of tax payment for profit delivery. .


Tax reform transform administrative fees into taxes ...


Debt-debt-to-equity swap. .


Easy position (position shortage) in an easy position (tight position).





The tender system the system of public bidding for project ...


Give full play to the role of monetary policy, give full play to the role of monetary policy. .


Implementing an active fiscal policy follow a pro-active fiscal policy ...





Equity recapitalization..





Information economy IT economy..


Export-oriented economy export-oriented economy. .


Information in the information age age ...





Credit risk of reputational risk ...


Risk rating risk rating. .


Expiration not repaying a default on a loan ...


Insolvency insolvency; be insolvent. .


The Asian financial crisis in Asian financial crisis (1997-98).





Sufficient reserves sufficient foreign exchange reserves ...


Problems with financial sector problems with financial sector in China. .


Saving an excessive proportion of the excessively large proportion of savings in the money supply ...


High leverage ratio of state-owned enterprises high leverage ratio of the state-owned enterprises,. .


State-owned commercial banks the disproportionately high ratio of non-performing loans bad assets of the State commercial banks ...


Few small deposits of financial institutions can not pay the due debts insolvency of a handful of small and medium-sized financial institutions. .


Bad loan non-performing loans..





Improve the ability of civil liability of corporate lending and the exercise improve enterprises ' creditworthiness and ability to fulfil their civil liabilities..


Board of Supervisors supervisory board. .


Implement prudent accounting system adopt prudential accounting standards ...


Five-category classification of loans by the quality of the five-category asset classification approach. .


Financial asset management companies financial asset management ...


Separation and recovery of bad assets substantially reduce the ratio of non-performing assets. .


Scale management business management, segregation, economy of scale ...


Market exit mechanism for financial institutions improve the market exit mechanism for financial institutions. .


State policy Bank policy-related Bank ...


National Development Bank State Development Bank. .


Knowledge economy knowledge-based economy ...


Network Economy Internet-based networked economy. .


Guidance plan guidance plan ...


Socialist market economy (China) socialist market economy. .


The social market economy (Germany), social market economy ...


New Economy (U.S.) new economy. .


China Everbright Bank of China Everbright Bank ...


Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank of China Minsheng Banking Corporation Ltd. .


CITIC Industrial Bank CITIC Industrial Bank ...


Export-Import Bank of China China EXIM Bank. .


HSBC Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HKSBC).


Financial regulation financial supervision. .


Bank law Law of the People ' s Bank of China ...


Commercial Bank Law, Law of Commercial Banks. .


Insurance Law of Insurance ...


Securities Law Law of Securities. .


Principles of Basel Basel Core Principles ...


Monitoring the behavior of the object in question, the management mechanism is not sound problems of supervised entities' behavior and the unsound internal governance mechanism. .


Consciousness of risk prevention risk awareness ...


Prior regulatory proactive regulation and supervision. .


Account number account number ...





Advance-Decline Theory theory of ups and downs ...


adverse balance deficit. .


Advising bank, notifying Bank advising banks ...


an application form application form. .


Arbitrage arbitrage ...





As Agent proxy ...


Ask-Bid System auction system. .


Associate banker of collection collection bank ...


At-the-Close Order closing instructions. .


At-the-Market to market ...





Back Up the reverse change..





Bandar's note, draft ...





Bank of communications Bank of communications ...





Bank statement statement ...





Banking hours, business hours business hours ...





Bar Chart bar graph ...





Bear Market bearish ...





Bearer check bearer cheques ...





Bid-and-Asked Quotation (or Quote) buyer's offer and the seller quotes (quoted).





Blowout selling ...





Blue-Chip Stocks, blue-chip ...





Bonus share bonus ...





Bookkeeping bookkeeping ...





Breakout breakthrough ...





Bull Market Bull..





Business accounting business accounting ...





Canceled check cheque ...





Capital market capital markets ...





Cash account to cash account ...





Cash check cheque ...





Central Bank, National Bank, banker's Bank Central Bank ...





Certificate of deposit slips ...





Chartered Bank Chartered Bank ...





Check book checks ...





Check stub, counterfoil stub ...





Clearing and settlement clearing and settlement ...





Clearing house clearing ...





Close close ...





Closing Transaction trades ...





Commercial credit company (discount company) business credit Corporation (discounting)..





Commodity/financial derivatives commodity/derivative in..





Composite index index ...


computerized accounting computerized accounting. .


Confirming bank confirming banks ...





Delegate Bank consigned banker of collection ...





Controlling shareholder shareholders ...


convertible bond convertible bond. .


Cornering the Market manipulation market ...


corporate bond corporate bonds. .


Corporation AG ...





Cost accounting cost accounting ...





Credit transactions in credit trading ...





Credit card credit cards ...


credit cooperatives credit unions. .


Credit Department of bank credit departments..





Cross rate, arbitrage rate cross rate ...





Cum Rights with right ...





Date of Record registration day..





Day Trading daily trading ...





Debenture bond ...





Deflation deflation ...





Deposit form deposit..





Deposit deposit..





Depreciation accounting depreciation accounting ...





Devaluation devaluations..





Direct exchange directly (diagonal) arbitrage ...





Discount rate, bank rate discount rates ...





Dishonor check bounced a..





Diversification diversification ...





Domestic Bank National Bank ...


Don't Fight the Tape Shun market transactions. .


Double Bottom double dip ...


Double Top Double Top. .


Dumping to sell ...


economic boom of economic prosperity. .


Economic crisis economic crisis ...


economic cycle economic cycle. .


Economic depression a recession ...





Economic recovery economic recovery ...


Effective Date Effective Date. .


Endorse the endorsement ...


endorser endorser. .


Equitable tax system equitable tax system ...


exchange bank exchange bank. .


Ex-Distribution (x-Dis) no quota ...


Ex-Dividend (XD) (Without Dividend) Date ex-dividend date. .


Expiration Date expiration date ...





Face value denominations ...


favorable balance surplus. .


Financial trust financial trust ...





Floor Order Tickets to order ...


Floor trading floor. .


Foreign currency (Exchange) reserve foreign exchange reserves ...





Foreign exchange fluctuation of foreign exchange fluctuations ...


forged check false checks. .


Free-Riding free indulgence speculation..





Fund Custodian Bank Fund custodian banks ...


fund manager fund managers / management companies. .


Fundamental Analysis fundamental analysis ...





Gap Gap ...





General Ledger GL ...





Gold reserve gold reserve ...





Head and Shoulders Head and shoulders ...





Highballing big-ticket transactions ...





Holder of Record Holder of Record ...





Home Loan Bank home loan banks ...





Honor a check cashing in..





Hot Issue Hot Issue ...





Import and export Bank (EXIMBANK) import and export Bank of ...





Inactive Market less active markets ...





Indirect Exchange of indirect (triangle) arbitrage ...





Industrial Bank Industrial Bank ...





Information disclosure information disclosure ...





Insider Insider ...





Institutional investor institutional investors ...





International balance of payments payment ...





Investment Bank investment banking ...





Issued-and-Outstanding Stocks issued shares ...





Issuing bank, opening bank issuing bank ...





Joint venture Bank joint venture banks ...





Junk bond bond immediately ...





Last Trading Day last trading day ...





Liquidation clearance ...





Listed Stock market stocks ...





Long Market value of securities held by market value..





Manipulation manipulation ...





Market capitalization value..





Prices in the Market Price ...





Liquidity of Marketability ...


mark-to-market daily mark to market. .


Matched Orders Matched Orders ...


member bank, credit bank savings and credit banks. .


Merchant Bank, accepting Bank Bank acceptance ...





Merger with ...





Money (financial) market financial markets ...


money in circulation of money in circulation. .


Money shop, native Bank Bank ...


mortgage bank, building society mortgage banking. .


Mutual savings bank mutual savings bank ...





National City Bank of New York City Bank ...


national gross product gross national product. .


Negotiability liquidity ...





Negotiation Bank negotiation the banks ...





New Issue of the new release ...





Offer price ...





Offering Date day..


Off-Floor Order off commission. .


On the Tape On the Tape ...


On-Floor Order Exchange commission. .


Open/close/unwinding a position built ...


open-end securities investment fund open-end securities investment funds. .


Opening Only Order Opening Only Order..





Opening opening ...


order check order check. .


Outstanding check for unpaid cheque ...





Overseas Bank Bank abroad ...





Overvalued overvalued..





P/e (price/earning) ratio price/earnings ratios ...





Pay-in slip deposit slip ...





Payment versus delivery silver certificates delivered ...





Picture ...





Portfolio portfolio ...





Post Office Savings Bank Post Office Savings Bank ...


premium premium. .


President, Governor ...





Primary Distribution (Offering) on sale for the first time ...


primary market primary market. .


Primary trend Movement ...





Principal capital ...


Principals (Stockholders) shareholders. .


Private deposits of private deposits ...





Proprietary trading proprietary ...





Public Offering (Distribution) on sale..





Public bond bond ...


Purchasing (Buying) Power purchasing power. .


Put/call option put/call options ...


raised capital / proceeds funding. .


Rally Rally ...


rating agency rating agencies. .


Reading the Tape drive ...


Date of Record Date. .


Red chips red chips ...


Reorganization assets. .


Requesting Bank delegate issuing bank ...





Resistance level Resistance level ...


Resistance block area. .


Retail/private investor/retail individual investors ...





Reversal reverse ...





Rights issue/offering shares ...





Road show road show ...





Rounding Top dome ...





Savings bank savings bank ...





Secondary Distribution (Offering) secondary sale..


secondary listing secondary listing. .


Secondary market of secondary market ...


Secondary Market Secondary markets. .


Securities Analysis securities analysis ...





Securities securities ...


Seek a Market for market opportunities. .


Self-regulatory organization (SRO) self-regulatory organization ...


self-service bank no bank. .


Selling Off (Sell-Off) stop selling ...


share capital share capital. .


Share share..


share, equity, stock shares, equity. .


Short Position short position ...





Soft soft currency currency ...


specimen signature signature style. .


Speculation speculation..





Spread spread ...





Stagflation stagflation..





Stock Exchange stock exchange ...





Stockholder (Shareholder) of shareholders ...





Strong room, vault Vault ...





Subscription Ratio subscription rates ...


subsidiary ledger Fenhu Zhang. .


Substitution (Swap) replaced (swap).





Support Support ...


surplus balances. .


Suspend payment to pay ...


Sweetener sweetness. .


Takeover took over ...


Technical Analysis Technical analysis. .


Technical signals Sign technology..


the purchasing power of money purchasing power of money. .


Ticker Tape On the Tape System.





Tip to provide information on ...





Total Volume turnover ...





Trader dealer ...





Trading Floor trading floor ...





Treasury/Government bond Government bonds/treasuries..





Trend trends ...





Triangle triangle ...





Trust institution Bank Trust Department ...





Turnover rate exchange rate ...





Underwriter underwriters ...





Un-issued Stock is not issuing shares..


unit trust Trust and Investment Corporation. .


Uptrend on the rise ...





W-Formation of w end of ...


warrant warrants. .


Weak weak Market cities ...





Without Dividend ex-dividend topical vocabulary ...


AA system of Dutch treatment; go Dutch. .


B to B (B2B) business to business 。.


B to C (B2C) business to consumer. .


NASDAQ National Association of Securities Deal Automated Quotations 。.





Housing project for housing project for low-income urban residents ...


At factor cost GNP at GNP at factor cost. .


Mortgage loan mortgage loans ...


Mortgage buyers take out a mortgage to buy a house; buy a house on time. .


Labor distribution according to one's performance ...





Secret love unrequited love; fall in love with someone secretly 。.


Aum Shinrikyo Japanese Aum Doomsday Cult. .


Paris stock exchange, Paris Bourse in..


Heeded as the ... Like water off (on) a duck's back. .


Grasp the grasp the overall situation ...


Prince Charming Prince Charming. .


White white agriculture agriculture (also called "white engineering agriculture"; It refers to microbiological agriculture and biological cell agriculture。.) 。.





Starting from scratch starting from scratch ...





Airs put on airs ...


Keep up appearances children put on airs; show off; keep up appearances. .


Real brothers sworn brothers..





Relocated families relocated families ...





Of a girl (of a girl) to find a sugar daddy; be a mistress for a rich man; lean on a moneybags 。.


Baseball news scribe. .


Mistresses have a concubine (originally a Cantonese expression).


Contracted to households work contracted to households. .


Overall rationing overall rationing system; scheme of payment partly in kind and partly in cash 。.


Labor and materials contract for labor and materials. .


Keep the good momentum of development of national economy maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy ...


Maintain the state-owned shares keep the State-held shares. .


Health food health-care food ...


Factoring business factoring business. .


Free trade zone the low-tax, tariff-free zone; bonded area/zone 。.


Deposit margins, collateral. .


Guaranteed major expenditures ensure funding for priority areas ...


Compendium of inflation-proof bank savings. .


Serve the implementation of the planned implementation of Dedicator's Project ...





Book worship bookishness..


Benming on one's year of birth considered in relation to the 12 Terrestrial Branches. .


A slow Sparrow a slow Sparrow should make an early start..


Pop hit bungee, bungee jumping. .


Be driven to do something be driven to drastic alternatives ...


Comparative Economics comparative economics. .


Bishangbuzu, bixiayouyu worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst 。.





Marginal return marginal return ...


Edge of the science boundary science. .


Laptop portable computer; laptop; notebook computer 。.


Disguised price hikes disguised inflation. .


Tender bidding documents ...





Denial of champion strip the Gold Medal of somebody ...





PhD Ph.. D candidate 。.





Clean record unbeaten record, spotless record ...


Does not undertake to renounce the use of arms not undertake to renounce the use of force. .


Not cannot be sold for No discord, and no Concord ...





Neck and the neck-and-neck presidential election result of presidential election results ...





Bad loan non-performing loan ...


Never sleeps sleepless city, ever-bright city. .


Unhealthy tendency bad (harmful) practice; unhealthy tendency 。.


Potala Palace Potala Palace. .


Foot bridge foot bridge ...


Walking a fine edge ball, touch ball. .


Let net ball ...


Revenue fiscal revenue. .


High profile show magnanimity..


Shopping basket shopping basket program. .


Political participation, Government participate in the management of State Affairs ...


Warehouse-style supermarket stockroom-style supermarket. .


What ever has happend Seas change into Mulberry fields and Mulberry fields change into seas--time brings great changes to the world ... / What was once the sea has now changed into mulberry fields--the world is changing all the time。.


Tibetology Tibetology. .


Industrial grass root grassroots industry (refers to village and township enterprises which take root among farmers and grow like wild grass).


Layers of sub-contracting and illegal multi-level contracting and illegal sub-contracting. .


Round make/go the rounds of the wards ...


The difference between the vote differential voting. .


Multi－candidate election competitive election ...


Peter to pay Paul rob Peter to pay Paul. .


Households households or units relocated due to building demolition ...


Watering stock water-down stocks (ordinary stocks that can be bought by persons inside a stock company or a business at a cost lower that their face value). .


Chanliang granary province in..


Product mix product mix. .


Established ownership, rights and responsibilities clearly and clearly established scientific management of the separation of ownership and well defined power and responsibility, separation of enterprise from administration, and scientific management ...


System of property rights, property rights property relations; property order. .


Production and sale directly linked to directly link production with marketing ...


Upgrading of industrial upgrading of industries. .


Upgrading upgrading the industrial structure of an industrial structure ...


Yangtze River Delta, Yangtze River delta. .


Long-term coexistence and mutual supervision, always shares weal and woe long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, sincere treatment with each other and the sharing of weal or woe..


Long-term product product in excessive supply. .


Unimpeded "Smooth Traffic Project.".


Sounding mouth high-sounding words. .


Ultra high speed super computer giant ultra-high-speed computer ...


Ahead of the consumer over-consuming, excessive consumption. .


Chaoyang industry sunrise industry ...


Speculation speculation. .


Outright reactionary political forces an out and out of reactionary political force ...


Component index component index. .


Group technology group technology ...


Contractor contract with. .


Dealer underwriter ...


Urban planning city's landscaping plan; urban planning. .


Yuppie muppie (a group of middle-aged professionals, Artsy, affectation cutesification, advocate Supreme boutiqueification, bankification bankification Aged urban yuppie, middle-aged urban yuppie formed by condensation).


Urban and rural credit cooperatives, credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas. .


Studying and egalitarian practice of "everybody eating from the same big pot.".


Eat imperial grain receive salaries, subsidies, or other supported from the government. .


Drive successful hit through ...


Preparatory Committee for the preparatory committee. .


Funding raised capital/proceeds..


Limelight show off; in the limelight. .


Monk pravrajana; cloister 。.


Export capacity of capacity to earn foreign exchange through exports. .


Export processing zone, export processing zones ...


Export seller's credit seller's credit on exports. .


Export rebate system the system of refunding taxes on exported goods; export (tax) rebate 。.


Your export bill purchased (B / P); outward documentary bill. .


Export domestic sales of commodities originally produced for exports ...


Pyramid schemes pyramid selling; multi-level marketing. .


Various service trades various service trades ...





Business Park high-tech business incubator; pioneer park 。.


Briefing (advanced) briefing. .


Spring Bud project Spring Buds Program ...





Bid farewell to the old bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new 。.


Maglev train Maglev (magnetically levitated train). .


No silver buried here a guilty person gives himself away by consciously protesting his innocence ...


Time shares sub-new stock. .


From the extensive economic change shift from extensive to intensive economy economy to intensive economy ...





Foster integration of global economic integration with the global economy ...





Standards activities "target hitting" activities ...





Package packing credit loans (loan).





Fake crack down on counterfeit goods ...





Find one find one's touch, get into gear, and settle into a Groove ...





Blockbuster blockbuster ...





Wealthy Tycoon ...





Staple goods staple goods ...


Grand Slam grand slam. .


Large stall sidewalk snack booth; large stall 。.


Victory over the white wash. .


Disguise a major accident as a minor one, try first to make their mistake of cake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all ...





Large television series, full-length TV series Maxi-series ...


Students start university students' innovative undertaking. .


As well as major and serious criminal cases ...


College students junior college student. .


Diploma in associate degree ...


On behalf of the staff function in an acting capacity. .


Assign redundant civil servants paid shunt to other jobs while allowing them to retain their original rank and benefits ...





Looking for job-waiting ...





Single-cycle for single round-robin system ...


Flexible wages flexible pay. .


Flexible elastic foreign diplomacy ...





Party Party and government organizations ...





Countdown countdown ...





Broker profiteer ...





Pirate VCD pirated VCD ...


Daoda (phone) free call on somebody else's expense through illegal means. .


Embezzlement embezzlement..





DXP Deng Xiaoping's diplomatic diplomatic thought thoughts ...


Low profile low keyed (a metaphor for taking a cautious and slow approach). .


Local regional protectionism..





Global village global village ...


Regional differences in regional disparity. .


Geothermal resources of geothermal resources ...


Prefecture-level cities in prefecture-level city. .


Second secondary industry ...


Secondary listing secondary listing. .


Tertiary third industry industry; service sector 。.





First right to serve first inning ...





Doubles first pair I..


Penalty penalty kick. .


Ideas company consultancy company ...


Telephone number upgrade telephone number. .


Teleconference teleconference ...





TV direct TV home shopping ...


Carriers telecom operators. .


E-commerce certification e-business certification ...


Drop shot drop shot. .


Revoke license revoke license ...


Householders person or household who refuses to move and bargains for unreasonably high compensation when the land is requisitioned for a construction project. .


Training for training for specific posts ...





Drug drug trafficker ...





Holiday foreign holiday-making diplomacy ...


Short-term debt floating debt. .


Dear John letter Dear John letter (from woman to man).


Captain (football) skipper's armband. .


... Free make no bones about it..


Hedge fund hedge fund. .


Foreign investment attract foreign investment ...





Multi-tasking small satellite small multi-mission satellite (SMMS).





El Nino phenomenon El Ni?o ...


Hyperinflation hyperinflation. .


The vicious circle of vicious circle ...





The second start a new undertaking ...





Second-timer a second time to enter the Palace (people with a past criminal record again commits a crime, and is convicted and put into a correctional institution).





Second-hand second-hand House ...


Dual economy dual economy. .


Article incidence (of criminal cases).





Uneven development of disparate development..


Development is Development is of overriding importance. . / Development is the absolute need. .


Country ruled by law a State with an adequate legal system ...





Quadrupling quadruple ...





Law against unfair competition Law of the People's Republic of China Against Competition by Inappropriate Means ...





Anti-lock braking system ABS (anti-lock braking system).


Flood control project flood-prevention project. .


Real estate management real estate management ...


Interview (Women who appeared in a television interview program for campaign) talk-show campaign. .


Come off the high horse to relinquish haughty airs; to get off one's high horse; throw off one's airs 。.


Release single release permit. .


Scud (missile) Scud missile ...


Flight drug test spot check. .


Asymmetric digital subscriber loop Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop (ADSL).


Tax reform transform administrative fees into taxes. .


Outs a subsidiary company of a corporation is listed on the stock market ...


Shunt reposition of redundant personnel. .


Installment payment installment payment ...


Tax-sharing system of tax distribution. .


Distribution of sub-underwriting, distribution ...


Pink-collar pink-collar tribe (Women who play major role in certain professions such as office workers, secretaries, models, airline hostesses, etc). .


Venture capital venture capital; risk investment 。.


Closed-end fund close-ended fund. .


Force out force out ...


Mad cow disease, mad cow disease; bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). .


Razor-sharp razor-sharp smash ...


Poverty poverty alleviation. .


Float floating wages wages; fluctuating wages 。.


Welfare lottery welfare lotteries. .


Welfare housing distribution welfare-oriented public housing distribution system ...


Duplex apartment duplex apartment; compound apartment (a type of residential housing that maximizes usable space by increasing the number of the story building). .


Coverage coverage rate ...


Restructuring and listing: An enterprise is re-organized according to modern corporate system so that it will get listed on the stock market. .


Revolutionary, young, knowledgeable, professional staff make the ranks of cadres more revolutionary, younger in average age, better educated and professionally more competent ...


Embarrassing, difficult, bad pretty pass. .


Thanked the hospitality of the bread and butter a letter (a letter sent as thanks for being treated well as someone's guest).


Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong people administering Hong Kong. .


High level dialogue high-level and all-directional, Omni-directional dialogue..


High quality high yield and high quality. .


High degree of autonomy in high degree of autonomy ...


Highly leveraged institutions highly-leveraged institutions (HLI). .


Senior officials ' meeting Senior Officials Meeting (SOM).


Certified Business Certified Business Executive. .


Elevated highway elevated highway; overhead road 。.


High-tech sector high-tech sector. .


High difficulty stunner, stunt ...


High definition high definition. .


High-tech development zone high and new technology industrial development zone ...


Taxable personal income declaration system the system of the declaration of individual incomes for tax payment. .


Personal self-minding, MO tube cream hoe on others one ' s own potatoes ...


Major cuisine major styles of cooking. .


From each according to his ability let each person do his best; from each according to his ability 。.


On your marks On your marks! "..


Fundamental political system of fundamental political system ...


To track audit follow-up auditing. .


Engineering company engineering company ...





Wage-earners salariat; state employee; salaried person 。.


Industrial control integrated industrial control; industrial control of integration. .


Industrial zone industrial park ...





Bulletin Board Service Bulletin Board Service (BBS).





Courts public security organs, procuratorial organs and people's courts ...





Public money to eat and drink recreational activities using public funds ...





Dissolution of the company Division and separation and dissolution of a company ...


Forest public welfare forest. .


Just a just, fair and open, fair and open ...


Notary properties notarize the properties. .


Kung Fu all worthwhile not Everything comes to him who waits ...


Kung Hei Fat Choy May you be prosperous!; Wish you all the best!. .


GCD, under the leadership of the multi-party cooperation and political consultation and multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of Communist Party ...


Equity share capital. .


Gold equity capital equity ...


Enterprises key enterprise. .


Affiliated be attached or affiliated to; be subordinate to 。.





Tariff barriers customs barrier; tariff wall 。.


Optics Valley of optical valley. .


Optical-mechanical-electrical integration of optical, mechanical and electronic integration ...





Optical communications photo-communication; optical communication 。.


Direct response advertising direct response advertising. .


WAN wide area network (WAN).


Centralized management put under centralized management by specialized departments. .


Domestic rate of import substitution rate; localization rate of parts and components 。.





International practice international common practice ...


International strategy internationalization strategy. .


The international date line International Date Line (IDL).





The economic reform of the State Commission for Restructuring the Economic Systems of the Commission ...


State holding company state-controlling company. .


Country National Proficiency Test proficiency examinations of Putonghua..





National quality technology supervision Bureau of the State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision ...


International, player of the national football team; footballer of the national team. .


Treasury Treasury bonds ...


KMT Kuomintang. .


Pillar pillar industries of national economy in national economy ...


GNP gross national product (GNP). .


GDP gross domestic product (GDP).





Special Fund for Treasury bond bond special funds ...





A good thing going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little 。.


Mirage, elusive and absurd a mare's nest. .


The Gulf war syndrome Gulf War syndrome..





Kanji Chinese character processing software processing software ...





Carrier aircraft carrier ...





Gamble in unrestrained gambling ...





Hollywood blockbusters Hollywood blockbuster ...





Good things do not go out, bad news travels fast Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide ...





Full collegiate bench ...





Pit to cancel after verification ...


Unscrupulous gangster inn. .


Hacking hacker ...


Underworld Mafia-style organizations; gangland. .


Red (medium) red paper containing money as a gift, (derogatory) bribe, kickback..





Bonus bonus share..


Red Hat Enterprise red cap enterprise (refers to the reputation a private enterprise enjoys by becoming attached to a government department and doing business in the name of a state-run or collective-run enterprise). .


EPO Erythropoietin (EPO).





Rear leave the emptiness defense exposed ...


Manage back-stage management. .


Hula Hoop Hula Hoop ...





No wise my son a tiger father goose never lays a tame egg ...


Interactive advertising interactive advertisement. .


Co-owner residence booklet ...





Household head of a household ...


Body armor magic amulet. .


Marble pillar ornamental column/cloud pillar/stele ...


Canopy canopy. .


Scooter scooter ...





Secularization resume secular life, unfrock..


Pacific Rim Pacific Rim. .


Exchange rate turnover rate ...





Prime-time prime time ...





Swing swing ...





HSBC Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC).





Affair extramarital love ...


Live and learn One is never too old to learn. .


Torch Torch Program (a plan to develop new and high technology).


Monetization monetization. .


Return of the money withdrawal of currency from circulation ...


COD cash on delivery. .


Airport fee airport construction fee ...


Institutional investors, institutional investor. .


Massive overstaffing in organizations (Government).





Fundamental realities of fundamental realities of the country..


Basic line must be a hundred years The basic line must be followed unswervingly for a very long time to come. .


Grass-roots democracy democracy at the grassroots level ...





Infrastructure, infrastructure ...





Genetic mutation of gene mutations in..


Blue chip stocks blue chip. .


Drug enforcement team, Narcotics Squad ...





Competitive cut-throat competition ...





Mascot mascot ...





Increase the focus on developing the economy go all out for economic development ...


Cities with independent planning city specifically designated in the state plan. .


Responsibility for family planning responsibility system of family planning ...





Computer CPU central processing unit (CPU).


Press gallery press box. .


Technology property exchange technology equity market; technology property right exchange 。.


Technical disclosure confide a technological secret to somebody. .


Technology-intensive products technology-intensive product ...


Technology to the countryside spread technological knowledge to farmers. .


Fait accompli fait accompli (noun).


Let bygones be bygones, forget the old too let bygones be bygones. .


Work extra overtime shifts ...


Encryption encrypt. .


Ensure that the correct ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion ...


Weighted average of the weighted average. .


The household contract responsibility system the household contract responsibility system ...


Family business family firm. .


Participant distinguished guest, honored guest ...


Oracle inscriptions on animal bones or tortoise shells. .


Lip-synching lip-synch..


Fake deception, feint. .


Holiday holiday economy economy ...


Sophisticated products highly sophisticated products. .


Adhere to the uniform, separatism, increased understanding, and resolving differences of opinion persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase understanding and iron out differences ...


Watchdog watchdog. .


Lightening alleviate burdens on SB..


Slow glass (car) decelerating glass. .


Sizing of effect of downsizing for efficiency; cut payroll to improve efficiency 。.


Cut the ribbon cut the ribbon. .


Disparity the scissors gap between the prices of ... and 。.


South of Yangtze River the south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. .


Honest, anti-fraud: honor credibility and oppose cheating ...


Parachute candidates, external candidates (non-call from my area to participate in the party election candidate) parachute candidate. .


Fluke fluke ...


脚踩两只船 sit on the fence. .


Feet on the ground be down-to-Earth ...


CULTIVATION impart knowledge and educate people. .


Teaching pedagogy; teaching method 。.





Interfaces interface ...


Street business neighborhood enterprise. .


Many gardens Park at an intersection; garden in the city center 。.





The system of exchange of Exchange settlement system, settlement and sales ...





Ideological line of the ideological line of emancipating emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts ...


Poverty funds anti-poverty funds. .


Addiction drug rehabilitation center ...


Patient overcome impetuosity and exercise patience; no haste, be patient. .


Gold standard, gold standard ...





Golden Parachute golden parachute ...


E-finance computerize financial services. .


The financial crisis financial crisis ...


Golden Tax Project Golden Tax Project. .


Golden pure gold-free, no one is perfect Gold can't be pure and man can't be perfect ...


Inhibition inhibiting magic phrase. .


Tightly-knit tightly-knit groups of enterprises ...


Hot pursuit cling to, shadow, thunder on one's trail. .


Power shot power shot ...





First come, first served First come, first served; A water-front pavilion gets the moonlight first--the advantage of being in a favored position。.





Import penetration import penetration ...


Training course class for further studies. .


Fishing ban during closed fishing seasons ...


Prohibited in any place, any environment which releases nuclear weapon test explosion prohibit any nuclear weapon test explosion which releases nuclear energy at any place and in any environment. .


Peking Opera fan Peking Opera fan ...





Favorable balance of current account current account surplus, surplus of current account ...





Recurrent expenditure running expenses ...


Forest cash tree. .


Economic globalization of economic globalization; economic integration 。.





Economy-minded commercially minded people; people with business sense 。.





Streamline organizations streamline government organs ...


Quality competitive products. .


Cloisonne cloisonn é ...





95 to tackle State Key Task 95.


Neighborhood neighborhood committee; residents' committee. .


LAN local area network (LAN).


Report Phone informants' hot-line telephone. .


Hire refuse to take passengers ...


Civil use the friendship between gentlemen is as pure as crystal; a hedge between keeps friendship green. .


Completion ceremony for completion ...


Kart kart. .


Development of generation, storage, and advanced research (product) to develop this generation of products while researching on the next generation of products ...





Underemployment enterprises running under their production capacity in..


Commencement ceremony commencement ceremony. .


Deals under-the-counter deals; offer advantages to one's friends or relatives by underhand means 。.





Kaixiaozao give special favor ...





Put/call options put/call option ...


Caretaker government caretaker cabinet, the transitional government caretaker cabinet. .


Earthquake shelter Quake-proof shelter..





Articles by heating the craze for graduate school ...





Scientific and technological content of technology content..





Rejuvenating rely on Science and education to rejuvenate the nation ...





Strategy for the sustainable development strategy of sustainable development ...


Convertible bond convertible bond. .


Burner CD writer; disc-carving machine 。.





Stewardess air hostess; air stewardess 。.


Holding company holding company. .


Foot and mouth disease foot-and-mouth disease ...





TRANS-century project a project across the centuries ...


Rapid development of great-leap-forward development. .


Rapid reaction force rapid response force ...


Express news flash; flash. .


Broadband access broadband access ...


Broadband network broadband networks. .


Grace grace period ...


Loss of business enterprises running in the red / under deficit. .


Difficulties the needy ...





Junk junk bond ...


Stimulating economic growth fuel economic growth. .


-Latin American relations try to curry favor with ...





Lala Captain cheer-leader, Rooter King ...


La Nina La Nina phenomenon. .


Caller ID phone caller ID telephone ...





Blue chip blue chips ...





Former Revolutionary base areas in barren areas, areas inhabited by minority nationalities, remote and border areas and poverty-stricken areas ...


Cliché, cliché cut and dried. .


Old shop an old and famous shop or enterprise ...


Fence barriers / blockage to inter-regional trading. .


Reciprocity Courtesy calls for reciprocity in..





Tally the company tally company ...





Profits tax substitution of tax payment for profit delivery..


Favorable factors wrinkle. .


Niche niche ...





System of contracted responsibility linking system of contracted responsibility linking remuneration to output; contract system with remuneration linked to output 。.





Conglomeration in merger of United and merger of enterprises ...


Joint Liaison Group joint liaison group. .


Joint syndicated tender bid ...


Lenovo Group, Legend Group. .


Integrity, with a forward rule (of an official) clean and devoted, and govern the State with his own example of uprightness..


Honest, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government an honest, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government. .


Building construction of a clean and honest administration ...





Virtuous circle virtuous circle ...





Cereals: grain and oil rationing registration ...


Promotion of cross-strait direct flights Association for Promotion of Cross-Straits Direct Transportation. .


Two missile boats A-bomb, H-bomb and nuclear-powered submarine ...





Two civilizations grasping place equal emphasis on material and ethical progress..





Two thoughts (rich source, rich and thinking about) to think of the source of getting rich and of making progress after becoming affluence ...


Academicians academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering. .


Goods shoddy goods; substandard goods。.





Interim coach caretaker coach ...


Parts spare and accessory parts. .


Leader in bellwether..


Migrants transient population. .


Mobile Library traveling library; bookmobile 。.





Student consulting: consulting on the study abroad ...


Leave without pay retain the job but suspend the salary. .


Kingpin. leading enterprise; flagship of the industry 。.





Marriage have a honeymoon trip traveling ...


Green cover forest coverage rate. .


Greening afforestation..


Green emergency channel emergency green path. .


Green-Green food ...





Fees, carry out, fines arbitrary charges, fund-raising quotas and fines ...


Dissertation (thesis) oral defense. .


Bare-bare mobile phone ...


Marathon campaign campaignathon. .


Street farms the project House project to build indoor free market to accommodate Street vegetable vendors ...





Buy one get one free two-for-one offer, buy one get one free ...


Satisfaction degree of satisfaction. .


Blind influx and clock transient personnel from the countryside ...


Posing packaging (sales) [refers to the appearance of defective products packaged for sale as Famous practice] copycat packaging. .


Hat tricks hat trick ...





Bel Canto Bel Canto ...


Food Festival gourmet festival. .


Portals portals ...


Front of the three packs be responsible for general sanitation, green covering and keeping good social order in a designated area outside the unit building. .


Misty Misty poetry ...


Yurts (Mongolian) yurt. .


Mongolia doctor quack ...


Mencius Mencius. .


Citizen-managed teachers teachers in rural schools who do not receive the normal remuneration from the Government ...


Boom farmers' frenzied hunt for work in cities. .


The DPP's Democratic Progressive Party ...


Democratic parties, federations of industry and personages without party affiliation non-Communist parties, federations of industry and commerce, personages without party affiliation. .


Nation nation State ...


National cohesion, national cohesion. .


National Committee on Ethnic Affairs Commission ...


National cultural province a province with rich ethnic culture. .


Transparent consumption (2000 to protect the interests of consumers work theme) transparent consumption ...


Simulation test mock test; simulated exam. .


Loafing dawdle along ...


Do not miss make hay while the sun shines. .


Destination management by objectives ...


Internal friction in-fighting. .


Loops within inner ring road ...


Inline corporate enterprises with internal connections. .


Nano-nanometer ...


Consumer durable goods, durable consumer items (goods). .


Tenor singer tenorist..


Male chauvinism male chauvinism. .


South-North water transfer project divert water from the South to the North project ...


Woolly-headed Where ignorance is bliss, it's folly to be wise. .


Includes complete a sweep ...


Disgruntled be disgruntled; be in a fit of pique. .


Be ready to be an official or one of the common people be ready to both serve as an official and be one of the common people ...


Can be hired, promoted or demoted competent to work both at the top and at the grass roots. .


Mobile WAP phone can connect to the Internet ...


Mud Buddha across the river like a clay Buddha fording the river-hardly able to save oneself; each one is looking out for his own survival. .


Year on year year-on-year; on an annual basis 。.


New Year's Eve family reunion dinner. .


Turn reverse the tide, turn the table ...


Surplus rural labor surplus rural labor (laborers). .


Agricultural-industrial-commercial combines agro-industrial-commercial combines ...


Idol idol. .


Station local police station ...





Bubble bubble economy ...


Allotment allotment of shares. .


Supporting policies supporting policies ...





Cross get snubbed..





Leather bags company bogus company ...





Beer belly beer belly ...


Foreign exchange, Evasion, arbitrage obtain foreign currency and false pretenses, not turn over foreign currency owed to the government and illegal arbitrage. .


Scalper scalper, ticket tout ...





The disparity between polarization of rich and poor ...


Depleted uranium depleted uranium bomb. .


Egalitarianism equalitarianism..





Normally not burning incense, cramming never burn incense when all is well, but clasp Buddha's feet when in distress..


Finds fault with the nit-pick. .


Bottleneck "bottleneck" restrictions ...





General election by universal suffrage system ...





Mounted police horseback police ...


Dress cheong-sam; Chi-pao. .


Business incubator enterprise incubator..





Corporate culture corporate culture ...


Starting blocks block. .


Fairs fair, meeting ...


Millennium Baby millennium infant; millennium baby. .


An intensive and intensive training program/class..





RIP you make somebody pay through the nose; put the lug on; rob by a trick 。.





People first party, People First Party ...


Work-study part-work and part-study system; work-study program. .


Light rail train light rail train ...





Clearing and settlement clearing/settlement..





The bright lights show special preference (favor) to ...


Regional commercial location-based commerce. .


Jackknife in flexion, Pike ...





Omni-directional diplomacy multi-faceted diplomacy ...





Panorama cinepanoramic..





National fitness program outline of the nationwide body-building plan ...


All-around champion all-around winner. .


GPS global positioning system (GPS).


GSM global system for mobile communications. .


The clock aircraft all-weather aircraft ...





All-round excellent straight engineering project ...


Crony capitalism (also translated crony capitalism or the capitalist friends) crony capitalism. .


Unmatchable product flagship products; competitive products; knock-out products; blockbuster。.


Nepotism nepotism; petticoat influence. .


Nepotism networking through petticoat influence ...


Human communication allow everybody to air his view; let everyone have his say; speak one's mind freely. .


Fuel surcharges bunker surcharge ...


Encroach reap undeserved profit from; encroach upon. .


Beat around the Bush beat around the Bush ...


Heat island tropical island effect. .


Drain brain drain ...


Overstaffed overstaffing. .


Artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence (AI).


Misfortune huge-crowd strategy. .


Human-computer interaction human-computer interaction ...


Interpersonal human communication. .


The per capita per-capita housing ...


Negative population growth in negative population growth (NPG). .


HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).


Debt of gratitude debt of gratitude. .


Warrants, warrant ...


Free kick free kick. .


Japan collaborative banking Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC).


Financing financing channels. .


Water overflowing with very few clean when entry into ...


Soft news soft news. .


Soft landing for soft landing ...


Blessing in disguise, a blessing in disguise Misfortune may be an actual blessing. .


Sanbahongqishou woman pace-setter ...


Three-step strategy for the three-step development strategy. .


The Party's three the Party's three important styles of work (integrating theory with practice, forging close links with the masses and practicing self-criticism.).





Three advantages of "three favorables" (whether it promotes the growth of the productive forces in a socialist society, and increases the overall strength of the Socialist state and raises the people's living standards ...





Three stresses education (study, political awareness,) "three emphases of" education (to stress theoretical study, political awareness and good conduct).





Tripartite debts chain debts ...





Three successive Championships three successive Championships ...





Tee three direct links of trade, mail, and air and shipping services across the Taiwan Straits ...





Three dimensional movies three-dimensional movie ...





Three free enterprise three-no-enterprises (It refers to enterprises with no capital, no plant, and no administrative structure...).


The countryside and a program under which officials, doctors, scientist and college students go to the countryside to spread scientific and literacy knowledge and offer medical service to farmers. .


Joint-ventures foreign-invested enterprises:Sino-foreign joint ventures (joint venture), cooperative businesses (Sino-foreign cooperative enterprises) and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises in China (wholly foreign owned enterprise).





Retail retail/private investor ...


Sauna sauna. .


Fight against pornography and eliminate pornography and illegal publications ...


Off the work round-off work; wind-up work. .


Mace sudden thrust of the Mace--one's Trump or master card..


Sandstorm sand storm; dust storm. .


Hill is not high, there is, and No matter how high the mountain is, its name will spread far and wide if there is a fairy;..


CIB Commodity Inspection Bureau. .


Vacancy of the vacancy problem in commercial housing ...


Barcode bar code. .


Go to the countryside (of educated urban youth) to go and work in the countryside or mountain areas ...


Listed to be listed. .


Go online to get on the Internet ...


There is heaven, there are Suzhou and Hangzhou Just as there is paradise in heaven, there are Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth. .


Majority lower and obedience to superior, part to the whole, all subject to Central the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, the part to the whole and the entire membership of the Party to the Central Committee ...





Public security situation of social security and law-and-order situation ...





Bid for the Olympic Games bid for the Olympic Games ...


Physical physique; physical constitution. .


China calling cards Shenzhou pre-paid card ...





Infiltration, subversion and separatist activities infiltrative, subversive and splittist activities ...


Ecological agriculture environmental-friendly agriculture. .


Love be disappointed in love; be jilted 。.





Master (senior and junior) fellow apprentice ...





The truth speak the plain truth; call a spade a spade 。.


Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth, Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth. .


Real economy, the real economy..





Achieve the goal to achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relatively comfortable life and attain the goal of building a well-off society ...


Bring about a great revival bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. .


Grant the national treatment grant national treatment to..


Family planning, population control, and improve population quality promotion of family planning to control the population size and improve the health of the people. .


Food hygiene law of Food Hygiene Law of People's Republic of China ...


Shi Ji Shi Ji / Historical Records. .


World Outlook of world Outlook, Outlook on life and values; outlook on life; values 。.





Access to market access..


Price-earnings ratio p / e (price / earning) ratio. .


The market value of market capitalization ...


Institutions public institution. .


Probationary period the trial ...


Appropriately tight fiscal policy moderately tight financial policy. .


Marketable products readily marketable products ...


Survival of the fittest survival of the fittest. .


M M&A (merger and acquisition).





Viewing audience ratings; television viewing 。.


Charges for mobile phone mobile access fee. .


Pioneering spirit pioneering spirit ...





Down-payment down-payment..


Affected areas disaster-affected are. .


After-sales service after-sale services..


Line of credit line of credit. .


Establish a good corporate image foster a good and healthy company image ...


Swipe the card to punch the card; to stamp the card. .


Sale clearance sale; be on sale 。.


Lamb instant-boiled mutton. .


Double-edge sword double-edged sword ...


Two-way choice two-way selection, referring to employer and employee choosing each other in a job market. .


Parallel goods smuggled goods ...


Painting Chinese brush drawing; ink and wash painting. .


Shuo Bo continuous academic project that involves reading a postgraduate and doctoral study ...





Nostalgia Nostalgia ...





Panic system halted ...





Four how to understand (General Secretary, and explain how to understand the history of the development of socialism, and how to understand the history of capitalist development, how to understand China's Socialist reform processes impact on people's thinking, how to understand today's international political struggle between the environment and the international impact of the current major issues directly affecting the cadres and the masses thinking .... .


40 without doubt Life begins at forty ...





Education for all-around development of quality education, quality-oriented education ...





Independence 'independence of Taiwan' ...





Taiwan is an inalienable part of China. Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chinese territory。.


Taiwan compatriots to Taiwan compatriots. .


Argue for the sake of arguing argue for the sake of arguing; bicker 。.





Showdown put/lay one ' s card on the table ...


Bargaining bargain chip. .


Fare evasion ticket to sneak through without a..


Riders ticket evader. .


Edifying cultivate one's taste (temperament).


Arbitrage arbitrage. .


SDR special drawing rights (SDR; SDRs) ; paper gold 。.


Stuntman stunt man; stand-in. .


Featured phones feature phone..





Improve the purchase price for the government's increase in its procurement prices of agricultural products (for farm products).





Job-hopping job-hopping ...


Career changers job-hopper. .


Jump into the Yellow River wash Eve clearly if one jumped into the Yellow River, one can not wash oneself clean--there's nothing one can do to clear one's name ...





The iron rice bowl iron rice bowl ...





Blood Prime Minister iron-and-blood Prime Minister ...





The banking procedure where deposits the banking procedure where deposits and withdrawals are processed at any branch bank ...





The same educational level have the same educational level (as the regular graduate or student of certain academic qualification).


Equivalent under a provincial general examination for applicants with education background equivalent to college graduates for master's degree. .


Association of an Association of fellow provincials or townsmen..





Single market a unified market ...


Flat tax flat tax, consolidated tax. .


Tube-shaped apartment tube-shaped apartment ...


Stowaway stowaway. .


Tax evasion and tax fraud, tax evasion, and refusal to tax evasion and tax fraud, and refusal to pay taxes ...


Tax evasion tax evasion. .


No.1 seed No ... 1 seed (player); top seed 。.


Pitcher pitcher. .


See through the phenomenon of see through the appearance of the essence to perceive the essence ...


Desertification desertification of land; desert encroachment. .


Tuck bunch up the body ...





Cropland and grassland grain for green ...





Rich cast (shake, throw) off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity ...





Undermine the Foundation undermine the foundation of sth..; cut the ground from under sb's feet 。.





Foreign Exchange foreign exchange control ...


Take-away take-out. .


Take-out restaurant take-out shop ...


Foreign-owned enterprises exclusively foreign-owned enterprises in China. .


Foreign-funded enterprises overseas-funded enterprises ...





The Crown Prince, Wang Taizi Crown Prince ...





Gateway gateway ...


Online dating online love affairs. .


Network publishing online publishing ...


Network administrator network administrator. .


Network economy cybereconomy ...





Netizen Netizen; net citizen; cyber citizen 。.





Online shopping shopping online ...


Online trading platform online trading platform. .


Friends NET friend..





Microsoft Mobility Microsoft Vision for Mobility; Microsoft Mobility Initiatives 。.





Defending human rights and continue to improve the situation of human rights safeguard human rights and steadily improve the human rights situation ...


Hypocrite hypocrite; a wolf in sheep's clothing. .


Fake goods paid by lemon law ...


Defending world champion reigning world champion. .


Engineering of food and clothing bring-warmth fill-bellies project ...





Model Community model community ...





Stability in overwhelming Maintaining stability is of top priority ...


Inquiries at the information office; inquiry desk. .


Roof-roof garden ...





No ticketing self-service ticketing ...


Cordless telephone with caller cordless telephone with caller ID. .


Rule by doing nothing govern by doing nothing that is against nature; govern by non-interference 。.


Wireless Application Protocol WAP-wireless application protocol. .


Intangible assets intangible assets ...





俠 fiction tales of roving Knights; martial arts novel; kung fu novel 。.


Pricing Price Bureau. .


Estate management of property management, property management ...


Western Development Development of the West Regions of China. .


West-East gas pipeline transport the natural gas from the West to the East ...


Absorb idle funds absorb idle fund. .


The hope project Project Hope ...





Money laundering money laundering ...


Mixed mingled hope and fear. .


Delegation of authority to delegating the management of ... (to 。.) 。.


Laid-off workers laid-off workers. .


The sea plunge into the commercial sea ...





Downstream downstream industry ...


Victory over the cliff-hanging win, narrow victory, nose out. .


City County upgraded to city and County ...


County-level city of county-level city. .


Modern enterprise system of modern enterprise system; modern corporate system 。.


Line of business operation offline business operation. .


Xianggelila/Shangri-la..


The money mammonism, put money above all. .


Project approve and initiate a project ...


Project application project application. .


Project budget project budget ...


Project support project support. .


Reducing strategic nuclear weapons talks strategic arms reduction talks (START).


Consumer credit, consumer credit services. .


Consumer rights day/International Day for Consumers'Rights and Interests ...


Consumers Association of consumers' association. .


Well-off-a comfortable level of living; a better-off life; moderate prosperity 。.


Well-off family of well-off family. .


Peasant economy small-scale peasant economy; autarkical small-scale farming 。.


Efficiency wage achievements-related wages; wages based on benefits. .


Benefit agriculture profitable agriculture ...


Photo album special album of photos for kids, women or weddings. .


Psychology psychological quality ...


Favorite new favorite. .


New express the Shinkansen, bullet train ...


New broom sweeps clean a new broom sweeps clean. .


New New Human Being;X Generation ...


Pick up-and-coming star, rising star. .


Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance (yan Fu: translation standards) faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance ...


Credit support credit aid. .


Teleport INFOPORT; cyber port 。.


Information technology information-based; informationization. .


Credit tightening credit crunch ...


Credit crisis credit crisis. .


Sunday Times, the Sunday Times ...


Formalism formalism. .


Ms/Mr image representative of the image of a product or a brand ...


Virtual network virtual net. .


Virtual reality of virtual reality ...


The right to vote and stand for election the right to vote and the right to be elected. .


Electoral votes electoral vote ...


Electoral system electoral system. .


U Shi (a Confucian slogan for education), a good scholar can become an official; he who excels in study can follow an official career 。.


Students at the students' affairs division. .


Burden reduction to reduce study load of students, and alleviate the burden on students ...





Recruitment tour milk round ...


Favoritism bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends. .


RIP RIP technology entry ...





Last performance grand finale; last and best item on a theatrical program 。.





Strike-Hard Operation strike hard struggle, campaign to crack down relentlessly on criminal activities ...


Romantic novels romantic fiction; sentimental novel. .


Study research results ...


Graduate diploma / graduate degree graduate diploma / graduate degree's diploma. .


Barbecue stall barbecue stall ...





Pensions pension ...


Road maintenance road toll. .


Money cash cow ...


Ecstasy dancing outreach. .


Check dope drug control and drug testing..


Wild Zoo wildlife park; safari park. .


The industry insider ...





A one-time solution solve the problem once and for all ...


Disposable chopsticks throwaway chopsticks. .


A large public (concerning the people's commune) large in size and collective in nature ...


Across the board cut it even at one stroke - make it rigidly uniform; impose uniformity in all cases; allow no flexibility. .


One country, two systems, One country, two systems ...


Primary market primary market. .


Package (plans), one-package (plan).





。.





Yiyanjichu, a real man never goes back on his words cannot be withdrawn ...


Medicare medical insurance. .


Mobile double (single) to charge two/one-way charges for mobile/cellular phones ...





Focus on economic development focusing on the central task of economic construction ...





Abusing power for abuse of power for personal gains ...


People-oriented people oriented; people foremost. .


Guided by the market market-oriented ...





To the quality strives for the survival and development, benefits strive for survival, development and efficiency on the basis of equality..





Compulsory military service compulsory military service, conscription..


Compulsory education compulsory education. .


Concert proceeds from income benefit performance ...





Premium premium ...


Individualized teach students according to their aptitude. .


Banks Bank outlets ...





Graduating this year's graduates ...





Tax on turnover tax; business tax 。.


The last word absolute principle, top priority. .


Permanent normal trading relations permanent normal trade relations (PNTR).





Combination of optimization grouping; optional regrouping 。.





Complement (of two countries or companies), have complementary advantages ...





Law, that there are laws, laws, and meted out There must be laws to go by, the laws must be observed and strictly enforced, and law-breakers must be prosecuted ...





Lovers end up apart Jack shall have Jill, all shall be well ...





Be brave but not resourceful use brawn rather than brain ...





Media supervision supervision by public opinion ...





Direct dialogue with the public Town Hall Conference/meeting ...


For a grander sight, a higher level to ascend another story to see a thousand miles further; Ascend further, were you to look farther; Would eye embrace a thousand miles? Go up, one flight. .


More haste, Haste does not bring success ...





The Lantern Festival Lantern Festival ...


Fate (as if by) predestination, be preordained to come together. .


Distance education distance learning ...


Vision plan long-term development targets. .


Dribble dribble ...





Refinancing re-lending; subloan 。.





Hatch (incubator) companies incubated enterprises (incubator).





Dross and dross..





False accounting falsified accounts ...


Ramadan Ramadan. .


Debt-to-equity debt-equity swap ...


Dipping benefit from one's association. .


The strategic partnership between strategic partnership ...


Standing tickets standing-room-only ticket. .


Platform ticket platform ticket ...





Handheld Palm computer ...





Prospectus, prospectus ...


Investment attract / bid for / invite investments (from overseas). .


Enrolment and vocation of the career guidance Office of enrollment guidance office ...


Vacuum packaging vacuum packing. .


True, the true, the good and the beautiful; truth, good and beauty 。.


Formal note formal note. .


Securities stock exchange; security exchange 。.





Government take, Department promotion, enterprises Opera Governments set up the stage, various departments cooperate and Enterprise put in the show ...





The change of government functions transform/shift the Government functions ...





Separation of separate Government functions from enterprise management ...





Political persecution of political prosecution; witch hunt 。.


Political consultation, democratic supervision, participation in politics exercise political consultation and democratic supervision and participate in deliberating and administration of state affairs. .


Mycoplasma Mycoplasma..





Knowledge-knowledge economy, knowledge-base economy ...





Post crime crime by taking advantage of duty ...





Achilles ' heel Achilles'heel..





Think tanks, think tank the brain trust;think tank ...





Monitoring Centre on China's economic boom China Economic Monitoring Center ...





Chinese newspapers China Press and Publication of press and publication News..


Consumer Protection Law of the PRC Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Consumers' Rights and Interests. .


The China Millennium Monument in China Millennium Monument ...


Chinese Medical Association Chinese Medical Association. .


Intermediary intermediary agent..


Mainstay mainstay, chief corner stone. .


Sino-American strategic nuclear weapons do not aim at each other's non-targeting strategic nuclear weapons against each other ...


Foreign joint ventures Sino-foreign joint ventures. .


Sino-foreign cooperative enterprises (item) cooperative businesses (projects).


Pickup Republicans (United States) pickup-truck Republican. .


Central Work Committee: Central Work Committee for Large Enterprises ...


The central state organs China's State organs. .


Central economic work Conference the Central Economic Working Conference ...


Central Business District, central business district (CBD). .


Students in secondary specialized or technical school student ...


It is hard It is difficult to cater to all tastes. .; One man's meat is another man's poison. .


Focus on the development of prioritize ...


Duplication building redundant project; duplication of similar projects. .


Main Board main Board of the stock market ...


Moderator anchorperson. .


The economic mainstay of the economy ...


Housing allocation process of capitalization process of housing distribution / allocation. .


Housing first zero-Yuan zero first payment (for apartments).


Run-up approach run, run-up. .


PLA People's Liberation Army Garrison in Hong Kong ...


Wish ... a good journey, bon voyage speed somebody on their way; speed the parting guest. .


Grasping down to invigorate large enterprises while relaxing control over small ones; focus on the restructuring of major enterprises and leave minor ones to fend for themselves 。.


Seize the opportunity to seize the opportunity. .


Shop exclusive agency; franchised store 。.


Jargon buzzword; jargon. .


Regular upgrade from junior college student to University student; students with the diploma of junior college try to obtain the undergraduate diplomat through self-taught study 。.


Transformation (of State-owned enterprises) to shift to new management mechanisms. .


GM food of genetically modified foods (genetically modified food).


Catching-up and rapid development pursuant and leap-forward development. .


Dr all but dissertation (ABD).


Increasing the value of assets, maintain and increase the value of assets; maintenance and appreciation of assets value. .


Divestiture peel off (bad) the assets of a company ...


Balance sheet balance sheet. .


Bourgeois liberalization bourgeois liberalization..


Fund transfer fund remittance and transfer. .


The distribution of resource allocation (allocation) of resources ...


ATM automatic teller machine (ATM). .


Self-regulatory mechanisms the self-discipline system ...


Nature reserve natural reserve; nature preservation zone. .


Natural wear and tear natural wearing ...


Self-protection self-protection awareness. .


Proprietary self-run..


Free port free-trade port, free port. .


Self-service banking self-help Bank ...


Own making stew in one's own juice. .


The overall national strength comprehensive national strength ...





Index composite index ...


Comprehensive management of comprehensive treatment. .


Assistant to the Chief Executive Assistant President..





Presidential electoral college ...


Discipline system observe the relevant code of conduct and the law and honestly perform one's official duties. .


Compendium of Materia Medica of the Materia Medica ...





The Strange Tales of the Strange Tales of a Lonely Studio a Lonely Studio ...





The romance of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms ...





The besieged city Surrounded a City ...





The Pilgrimage to the journey to the West; Journey to the West 。.





The Heroes of the Outlaws of the Marshes; Water Margins。.


Some popular English words of Chinese expression. .


Www ... westudyenglish ... com 2004-2-3 Chinese English learning network ...





001. Quality education: QUALITY EDUCATION ...


002. . EQ: two types, one for education quotient EDUCATIONAL QUOTIENT, the other emotional quotient EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT. .


003. Insurance: THE INSURANCE INDUSTRY ...


004. . Guarantee highlighted: ENSURE FUNDING FO vocabulary of political government. .


Under protective price purchasing of food policy a policy of purchasing grain without limitations at protective prices ...


To deal with the handling of combining integrate the handling of cases with the handling of violators. .


With limited funding "on the cutting edge" use our limited funds where they can be put to best use ...


Appropriate rapid economic growth maintain an appropriate rapid economic growth. .


Insurance Regulatory Commission the China Insurance Regulatory Commission ...





Ensure the public needs to guarantee social needs ...





Avoid forcing mechanisms, Bewitched The uncompleted projects cannot drag on and on and require excessive investment ...





Does not result in excessive release of currency without causing overissue of currency ...





Bad loan non-performing loans..





No longer do business no longer engage in trade ...


Financial ability to repay our ability to service debt. .


Financial capacity of financial capacity ...





Financial day will become even more sorry to hear that We will be in financial straits ...





Basic balance between revenue and expenditure of the principle of a basic principle of maintaining a balance between revenue and expenditures ...





Compensation for demolition compensation for demolition ...





Linkage between the ratio of sales to production ...





Eco-bunker in the Yangtze basin an ecological shelter along the Yangtze River Valley ...





Long-term Treasury bond long-term government bonds ...


Standing Standing Committee member. .


Regulations of the Interim Regulations of vehicle purchase tax on the Tax on Vehicle Purchases ...


Growth enterprise market (referring to the second board market) growing enterprise market (GEM). .


Urban and rural reconstruction projects for upgrading urban and rural power grid grids ...


Registered urban unemployment rate registered unemployment rate in cities and towns. .


Urban social security system of the social security system in cities and towns ...





Urban housing system reform and reform of the urban housing system..


Export rights by the approval system to a registration and recording system for the transition the transition from an examination and approval system to a registration and recording system for the right to engage in export. .


Export quotas for export quotas ...





Innovation system and an innovation system ...


Vertical management vertical management. .


From the sources, and close loopholes in the system plug up loopholes in terms of their sources and systems ...


Fair distribution promote fair distribution of social wealth. .


Village of radio and TV project project "extend radio and TV coverage to every village.".


Reserve reserves against deposit. .


Most of the technology beyond the power of free enterprise and market a majority of scientific personnel being divorced from enterprises and the market ...


Vigorously promote the grain distribution system step up our efforts to promote the reform of the grain distribution system. .


Large-area-the light areas a large sky area multi-object fiber spectroscopic telescope fiber-spectroscopy telescope ...





DXP theory of Deng Xiaoping Theory ...





Drip irrigation, and irrigation drip irrigation and spray irrigation ...





Deposit insurance system in local small and medium-sized financial institutions a deposit insurance system for local small and medium-sized financial institutions ...





Regulation of macroeconomy regulate operation of the macroeconomy..





Adjust the structure of investments and the restructuring of the economic structure of investment and the economy ...


Plug the loopholes plug up loopholes. .


Cigarettes approved for the full implementation of measures for the taxable price of a consumption tax fully levy a sales tax on cigarettes on the basis of an authorized tax valuation ...





Midwest appropriately skewed appropriately directed to the Central and Western areas of the country..





Maximise the benefits of produce the best possible results ...





Oppose extravagance and combat extravagance and waste ...





Preventing financial risk ability to guard against financial risks ...





Must run events in important tasks which must be accomplished ...





Non-bank non-bank financial institutions financial institutions ...





Distribution of the distribution of money ...





Risk prevention mechanism a risk prevention mechanism ...





Complex and ever-changing economic environment, complicated and volatile economic environment both at home and abroad ...





Levee repair tasks of the task of repairing and reinforcing the main dikes..





Dare to pipe and sensibilities have not the courage to bear their responsibilities and exercise management no matter what others might think ...





Plans for the development of high-tech industry development planning high-tech industries ...





High-tech high-tech industrialization demonstration project model projects to demonstrate their commercial viability ...


Hold high the great banner of DXP Theory, comprehensively implement the 'Three Represents' hold high the banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and carry out the important thoughts of 'Three Represents'. .


Functional prototype of functional prototype of high definition TV ...


Personal Income Tax Law the Law on Personal Income Tax. .


Self-employed individual, private economy and private businesses ...





Level and type of all forms of education at all levels of education ...





A variety of tax evasion and tax fraud and tax evasion behavior of all acts of tax evasion and tax fraud ...


Project supervision and project supervision system. .


Project quality accident accidents resulting from poor quality of projects ...


Industrial added value of industrial added value. .


Open-market operations of open market operations ...


Joint development, adjustment, cooperation and mergers a program of joint development, adjustment, cooperation and mergers. .


The purchasing power of purchasing power ...


Encourage mergers and encourage mergers. .


Concern the weal and help alleviate their hardships..





Standardized financial management standardized financial management ...





Standardize the tax system of standard tax system ...





Internationally accepted way of attracting foreign investment internationally accepted methods of absorbing foreign investment ...





National Development Planning Commission, the State Development Planning Commission ...


In the key areas of investment in investment in the key areas designated by the state. .


A huge loss of great loss of State of the State tax revenue ...


National key research projects national key scientific research projects. .


Treasury Treasury bonds ...


All aspects of the national economy all sectors of the national economy. .


GDP-gross national product (GNP).


Domestic shortage of raw materials and resource products raw and semi-finished materials and resource products which are in short supply in China. .


Wholly State-owned commercial bank State-funded commercial bank ...





State-owned and collective enterprises capital and statistics reporting system-a system for reporting statistics on the capital funds of State-owned and collectively-owned enterprises ...


State-owned enterprise restructuring regroup SOEs. .


Management of the State-owned commercial bank-level corporate management state-owned commercial banks with only their head offices as their legal persons ...


State-owned assets management, supervision and operation management, supervision and operation of state-owned assets. .


Paid use of State-owned resources paid use of State-owned resources ...


Bond funds the capital obtained from issuance of government bonds. .


Excessive production capacity surplus production capacity in..


Cross-strait relations cross-Strait relations. .


Contract management contract management system ...





Many companies flock to the West of Shanghai, sparking a gold rush in the West. Many enterprises of Shanghai go on a 'gold-rush' spree in the western parts of China。.





Macroeconomic targets macroeconomic targets ...





Quality check notice of accounting information system the system for publicizing the results of random inspections for the quality of accounting information..





Provincial co-ordinating unified basic basic old-age insurance old-age insurance at the provincial level ...





Infrastructure construction of infrastructural facilities ...





Special Inspector special inspectors ...





Urgent arrangement expenses urgently needed focus on expenditures for key construction projects ...





Technology-intensive technology-intensive industries industries ...





Increase the intensity of macro-control tighten macro-control..





Processing trade trade involving the processing of supplied raw materials ...





Strengthening the military and political power strengthen army building and the organs of political power ...





Pricing the Price by Law ...





Adhering to the ideological line of emancipating, spirit of the times adhere to the ideological guideline of emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, and upholds the spirit of advancing with time ...





Firm does not engage in repetitive construction prohibit redundant projects ...





Hard work, building the hard work, and plain living and building up the country through thrift ...





Increasing human efficiency and increase efficiency by reducing downsizing payrolls..





-Sizing effects downsize staffs and improve efficiency ...





Establish the basic framework of public finances establish the basic framework for a system of public finance ...





Perfecting the legal responsibility for the system of holding the legal person responsible for projects ...





Reduced interest rates on bank deposits and loans, lower bank interest rates for savings deposits and loans, ...





Financial system reform of the financial system ...





Import and export commodity structure pattern of imports and exports..





Economic development potential for future economic growth ...





Management fees and operating charges ...





Well-designed meticulous design ...





Session by-elect members of the Standing Committee of the CPPCC by-elect members to the Standing Committee of the Ninth CPPCC National Committee ...





Taxation of Government funds or special charges in the nature of Government funds and special charges of a tax nature ...





Army, armed police, judicial authorities and enterprises delinked from the army, armed police and procuratorial, judicial and public security organs have severed their ties with enterprises ...


Develop urban and rural markets develop urban and rural markets. .


Expanding the rural consumer markets develop consumer markets in rural areas ...


Floods fight floods and provide disaster relief. .


Scientific and technological achievements into the commercialization of research findings ...


Technology Development Fund, a science and technology development fund. .


Strategy the strategy of invigorating rejuvenating China through the development of science and education ...





Scientific proof scientific verification ...





Sustainable development strategy and the strategy of sustainable development ...


Disposable income disposable income. .


Affirming the results affirm our achievements ...


Control in the national economy within the limits keep within the limits of the national economic strength. .


Cross-regional branch TRANS-provincial or trans-regional branches ...





Expansion of domestic demand, consumption expand/increase domestic demand and stimulate consumption ...





Stimulating economic growth stimulate economic growth ...


Hard-earned hard-won achievements. .


Waste of resources resource-wasting..


Labor market, the labor market. .


Improvement of the quality of workers improve the quality of laborers in..


The old industrial base old industrial bases. .


Basic pensions of retired workers pension for retirees ...


Pensions to retired employees pensions to retired employees. .


Streamlining the taxes, fees, and straighten out the relationships among three taxes, charges and prices ...





Food distribution system reform of the grain distribution system ...





Food policy-subsidies policy-related grain subsidies ...





Forested areas of forest area in..





Leaking pipes leak levy tax Dodgers ...


The face of severe challenges meet the serious challenge. .


Regions in minority areas inhabited by ethnic groups ...





Profiteering price hikes for exorbitant profits ...





Reconstruction projects to upgrade rural rural electric power grids ...





Draft law on social security social security law drafting a..


NPC Standing Committee the NPC Standing Committee. .


Representatives of the national people's Congress Deputy to the National People's Congress ...


National People's Congress (the NPC) National People's Congress (NPC). .


The national people's Congress Standing Committee of the NPC Standing Committee ...


National People's Congress Standing Committee of the General Office of the general offices of the NPC Standing Committee. .


Bureau of the national people's Congress of the NPC Presidium ...





Promote overall party forge ahead with the construction of a new great project of the new great project of Party building..


Plenary plenary meeting. .


Crony capitalism ' (translation of crony capitalism or friends and family of capitalism) crony capitalism ...





Disadvantaged groups of vulnerable groups (special employment assistance to vulnerable groups. --Special employment assistance should be given to members of disadvantaged groups。.)。.





Three stresses education: study, politics, and upright three emphases education (to stress theoretical study, political awareness and good conduct).


Three Gorges Project Three-Gorges Project. .


Three Gorges emigration Migrants from Three Gorges area ...


Livelihoods bread-and butter issue. .


Eco-building ecological construction ...


The majority of loss-making enterprises into the black bring the majority of money-losing firms into the black. .


Pilot project on pilot project ...


Poor industry and enterprise industries and enterprises in dire straits. .


Cropland, grassland engineering Grain for Green Project..


Networks, a web-based economy. .


Development of the strategy of developing the Western region of the West ...


West to east transmission of electricity from the western to the eastern region. .


Basic subsistence allowance for the basic living allowance for unemployed workers laid-off workers ...


Laid-off workers subsistence subsistence allowances for laid-off workers. .


Modern distance education distance education ...


Amendment to the Constitution amendments to the Constitution. .


Township enterprises in township enterprises ...


Panel discussion panel discussions / group discussions. .


Press release press conference ...


Medicare Reform Reform of medical insurance system. .


Health care reform health care reform ...


Hidden employment hidden employment. .


Democratic and Socialist Democratic politics of socialism with Chinese characteristics with Chinese characteristics ...


Times advance with the times. .


Re-employment of laid-off workers re-employment of laid-off workers ...


Increase revenue increase revenue and cut government expenditure. .


Debt-to-equity debt-equity swap ...


The government work report government's work report. .


The reform of Government Reform of government institutions ...


Development of anti-corruption laws anti-corruption legislation. .


CPC Central Committee of the CPC Committee ...





The Chinese people's political Consultative Conference National Committee (hereinafter referred to the National Committee), National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).


CPPCC National Committee Standing committee of the National Committee of the CPPCC. .


Member of the Chinese people's political Consultative Conference member of the National Committee of CPPCC..





Chongqing (municipality) of China's in Chongqing Municipality ...


Parliamentary Union Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). .


Resource-rich Outback (Western China) the resource-rich hinterland ...





Chinese Governmental Sections after the Adminitrative Transformation 。.





2, the Department of Defense Ministry of National Defence ...


3, the State Development Planning Commission, State Development Planning Commission. .


4, the national economic planning Commission State Economy and Trade Commission ...





The Natio ...





6, the Ministry of science and Technology Ministry of Science and Technology ...


7, the National Defense Science, Technology and Industry Committee. .


Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence 。.


8, the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, State Ethnic Affairs Commission. .


9, Ministry of public security, Ministry of Public Security ...


10, Ministry of State Security Ministry of State Security. .


11 and the Ministry of Ministry of Supervision ...


12, Ministry of Civil Affairs Ministry of Civil Affairs. .


13, the Ministry of Ministry of Justice ...


14, the Ministry of Finance Ministry of Finance. .


15, the Ministry of Ministry of Personnel ...


16, the Ministry of Labour and Social Security Ministry of Labour and Social Security. .


17, the Ministry of land and natural resources Ministry of Land and Resources ...


18, the Ministry of Construction Ministry of Construction. .


19, Ministry of Railways Ministry of Railways ...


20, Ministry of Communications Ministry of Communications. .


21, Ministry of information industry, Ministry of Information Industry ...





23, Ministry of agriculture, Ministry of Agricultry ...


24, the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation. .


25, the Ministry of Ministry of Culture ...





27, State family planning Commission of State Family Planning Commission ...


28, the People's Bank of China The People's Bank of China. .


29 classic vocabulary, the Audit Commission National Auditing Administration news ...


accredited journalist n. . Correspondent. .


Advance n. advance news; the prewritten message ...


advertisement n. Advertising. .


Affair (e) n. sex scandal, and gossip ...





Assignment n. attribution ...


attribution n. . News source, the source. .


back alley news n。. The grapevine ...


backgrounding n. News Background. .


Bad news travels quickly。. A thousand miles ...





Beat n. writing of coverage.


blank vt. . 'To open a window'. .


body n。. Body of the news ...


boil vt. Compression (length). .


box n。. Lace news ...


brief n. . Newsletter. .


Bulletin n. press releases ...


byline n. . A signed article. .


Caption n. photo caption ...





Carry VT. published ...





censor vt。. Reviews (News), news review ...





Clipping n. newspaper clippings ...





Columnist n. columnists ...





Contributing editor contributing editor ...





Contributor n. contributors ...





Copy editor n. text editing ...





Correspondence column readers ' letters column ...





Cover VT. interview; writing ...





Covert coverage secret interview secret interview ...





Crusade n. advertising campaign ...





Cutline n. to illustrate the ...


daily n. Daily. .


Dateline n. news ...


deadline n. Deadline. .


Dig VT. in-depth interview; trace (News clue); " Dig "(News).


digest n. Abstracts. .


Editorial n. editorials ...





Editor's notes Editor's note ...





Expose n. recrimination News; News exposure ...





Eye-account n. has witnessed record; reporters in..





Feature n. close-up; Mike Ricciuti..





File n. sending a message, and press ...


filler n. Padding. .


First Amendment (the United States Constitution) first amendment (relating to freedom of the press, publishing, etc) ...





Flag n. header; registration ...


folo (= follow-up) n. Continuous coverage. .


Fourth Estate fourth grade (the alias of the press).





Free-Lancer n. freelance ...


full position prominently. .


Good news comes on crutches。. Good things do not go out ...





Gutter n. Raphe..


hard news hard news; pure message. .


Headline n. news headlines, and summary..





highlights n。. Breaking news ...





Human interest, I suppose..





Insert n.. &VT. interpolation paragraphs; insert your artwork ...





Invasion of privacy invasion of privacy (right).





Investigative reporting investigative reporting ...





Journalism n. journalism news ...





Kill VT. annealing abandoned (manuscripts), shoot (manuscript).





Lead n. introduction ...





makeup n。. Layout design ...





Mass communication media (.).





Masterhead n. header; registration ...





Mere report is not enough to go upon. is only rumored not to be taken as evidence ...





News Agency news agencies ...





News peg news clue, news ...





Newsprint n. newsprint..





Sensitive nose for news News ...





Objectivity n. objectivity ...


off the record should not be publicly reported. .


Opinion poll poll ...


periodical n. Journals. .


Pipeline n. anonymous sources ...





PR PR man, Mr..


press conference press conferences; press conference units. .


Press law by news ...





Press release press release; press release ...


profile n. . Interview; character features. .


Proofreader n. proofreader..





Quality paper quality paper, and serious newspapers ...





Readability n. readability ...





Reject VT. annealing abandoned (manuscript).





Reporter n. journalists ...





Round-up n. integrated messaging ...





scoop vt。.“ Rob "(News) n. exclusive news ...





Sex scandal sex scandal ...





Slant n. subjective reports; one-sided reports ...





Soft news and soft news..





Spike VT. annealing abandoned (section); and "shot" (manuscript).





Story n. message; manuscript; the article ...





Subhead n. sub-heading; subtitles ...





Suspended interest suspense ...





Timeliness n. timeliness; new theory





trim n。. Editing (manuscript).





watchdog n。. & vt。. Public opinion ...





Academy Awards: Academy Award ...





album n。. Album ...





ballad n。. Ballad ...





Box office earnings: ticket sales ...





budget n。. (Movie) budgets ...





celebrity n。. Celebrity ...





comedy n。. Comedy ...





conductor n。. (Orchestra, choir) command ...





critic n。. Critics ...





debut n。. (Movie) premiere show, (records) release for the first time, individual performances for the first time ...





distribution n。. (Movies, music) release ...





dub v。. (Movie) dub ...





episode n。. (TV series) episode ...





GrammyAwards: Grammy Awards ...





hit n。. Very successful film or music ...





Leading actor: the actor ...





legend n。. The legendary ...





lyric n。. The lyrics ...





Movie fan (film buff): fans ...


music chart: music charts. .


Music Studio: Studio ...





nominate v。. Nomination ...


Oscar (Academy Awards): Academy Award. .


performance n。. Performance, performance ...





premiere n。. (Movie) premiere show ...





promote v。. Advocacy ...


release v. . Issue (video, music). .


review n。. Comment, review ...


rock and roll: rock and roll. .


romance n。. Romance ...





scriptwriter n。. Screenwriter ...





Shoot a film: the film ...


show business: performing arts industry. .


single n。. Singles ...





Special effect: (movie) special effects ...





Supporting actor: supporting actress ...


tragedy n. . Tragedy. .


tune n。. Melody ...


TV series: TV series. .


Interpretation and translation category vocabulary (07) – WTO glossary ...


(Subsidies Agreement) actionable subsidies Actionable subsidy. .


(Textiles and garments, agricultural) integration process Integration process ...


(Service trade) Consumption abroad Consumption abroad. .


(Trade in services) cross-border delivery of Cross border supply ...


(Trade in Services) Commercial presence Commercial presence. .


(Trade in services) a natural person natural person ...





(Dispute resolution) the Party complained against Defendant ...


(Dispute settlement) survey results Findings. .


(Settlement of disputes) Appeal of appeals ...





(Interest) of Nullification and impairment Nullification and impairment ...





(Agricultural products) aggregate measurement of support AMS (Aggregate Measurement of Support).





(Agricultural domestic support) blue box measures BOP (Balance-of-payments) Provisions ...





(Agriculture) of multifunctional Multifunctionality..





(Dispute resolution) Group of Experts Panel ...





The Paris Convention (Convention on the protection of industrial intellectual property rights), Paris Convention ...





The North American free trade agreement NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement).





The Berne Convention (Convention relating to the protection of copyright in literary and artistic works), Berne Convention ...


"Multi-Fibre Arrangement" MFA (Multifibre Agreement). .


ATC of the agreement on textiles and clothing (Agreement on Textiles and Clothing).





Of the understanding on dispute settlement rules and procedures of the DSU (the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes).





The Lisbon Treaty (relating to geographical indications and their international registration), Lisbon Agreement ...





The agreement on agriculture the special protection of SSG (Special Safeguard).


"Agriculture Agreement" in the peace terms on countervailing Peace clause. .


The Convention on biological diversity CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity).


"Information Technology Agreement" ITA (Information Technology Agreement). .


WTO high-level meeting of LDCs HLM (WTO High-level Meeting for LDCs).


North American Free Trade NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area). .


After taking measures Ex post ...





Product life-cycle analysis LCA (Life Cycle Analysis).


Export subsidies Export subsidy. .


Export performance Export performance ...





Local content in Local content..


E-commerce Electronic Commerce. .


Common market for Eastern and southern Africa COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa).


ASEAN Free Trade Area ASEAN Free Trade Area. .


Sanitary and phytosanitary measures SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standard).


Countervailing duty Countervailing duty. .


Anti-dumping measures anti-dumping measures against ...


Counter notification Counter-notification. .


Non-quota products quota-free products ...


Unproductive investment investment in non-productive projects. .


African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (Lomé) ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific Group).





GATT and WTO's predecessor GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).


Circumvent Circumvention. .


The International Organization for Standardization ISO (International Organization for Standardization).


International Textile and Clothing Bureau ITCB (International Textile and Clothing Bureau). .


The International Monetary Fund, IMF (International Monetary Fund).





The International Trade Centre ITC (International Trade Center).





An international trade organization Interim Committee ICITO (Interim Commission for the International Trade Organization).


International Settlements, international settlement. .


Balance of payments balance of international payments/balance of payment ...


Balance of payments terms BOP (Balance-of-payments) Provisions. .


The international epizootic Organization International Office of Epizootics..


National treatment National treatment. .


Domestic subsidy domestic subsidies ...





Customs valuation Customs valuation ...





Horizontal merger horizontal merger ...


Environmentally friendly technologies EST (Environmentally-sound technology). .


Grey area measures Grey area measures ...


Currency retention scheme Currency retention scheme. .


Council for trade in goods CTG (Council for Trade in Goods).





Built-in agenda has scheduled ...


Cross retaliation Cross retaliation. .


Post tax Import variable import duties ...





Import linkage import link tax tax ...


Import penetration Import penetration. .


Import substitution Import substitution ...





Import deposit Import deposits ...


Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). .


Try to curry favor with junk financing ...





United Nations Development Programme UNDP (United Nations Development Program).


FAO FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States). .


The United Nations Conference on trade and Development UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development).


Food Security Food security. .


Chronic depression chronic depression ...


Trade and investment liberalization and facilitation TILF (Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facilitation). .


Committee on trade and Development Committee on Trade and Development ...





Model Modalities ...


Southern Common Market (or MERCOSUR) MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market). .


The South Asian Association for regional cooperation SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional cooperation).





Quota adjustment term modulation of quota clause ...





The global quota global quota ...





Reporting system reporting system; income declaration system。.





Grant the national treatment grant national treatment to..





The Codex Alimentarius Commission CAC (Codex Alimentaries Commission).





The World Trade Organization-WTO (World Trade Organization).





Market Administration measures AAMA (Administrative Aspects of Market Access).





Notification obligations of Notification obligation ...





Uruguay Round Uruguay Round ...





HS (harmonized commodity description and coding system) HS (Harmonized Commodity and Coding System).





License fee License fee ...





Restriction level Bound level ...





Government procurement in government procurement ...





Direct payment Direct payment ...





Specialized marketing agency Market boards ...


Genetically modified organisms GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms). .


Grandfather clause grandfather clause..


Least developed countries LDCs (Least-developed countries). .


The initial bargaining (on right) INRs (Initial Negotiating Rights).


MFN (now often called 'normal trade relations') MFN (most-favored-nation) treatment. .


Most favoured nation trade status (treatment) MFN (Most-favored-nation) (Treatment).


WTO terms explained in English. .


General。.





GATT 1947 — The old (pre-1994) version of the GATT。.





Members — WTO governments (first letter capitalized, in WTO style)。.


。.


GATT Article III requires that imports be treated no less favourably than the same or similar domestically-produced goods once they have passed customs. .。.


TPRB, TPRM - The Trade Policy Review Body is General Council operating under special procedures for meetings to review trade policies and practices of individual WTO members under the Trade. .


Policy Review Mechanism。.





Uruguay Round — Multilateral trade negotiations launched at Punta del Este, Uruguay in September 1986 and concluded in Geneva in December 1993。. Signed by Ministers in Marrakesh, Morocco, in April 1994。.


Tariffs. .


binding, bound — see “tariff binding”。.





telecommunications networks。.


. .


Harmonized System — An international nomenclature developed by the World Customs Organization, which is arranged in six digit codes allowing all participating countries to classify traded goods on a common basis。.. .


ITA — Information Technology Agreement, or formally the Ministerial-Declaration on Trade in Information Technology Products, under which participants will remove tariffs on IT products by the year 2000。.





nuisance tariff — Tariff so low that it costs the government more to collect it than the revenue it generates。.





tariff binding — Commitment not to increase a rate of duty beyond an agreed level。. Once a rate of duty is bound, it may not be raised without compensating the affected parties。.


。.





tariffs — Customs duties on merchandise imports。. Levied either on an ad valorem basis (percentage of value) or on a specific basis (e。.g。. $7 per 100 kgs。.)。.. .


WCO — World Customs Organization, a multilateral body located in Brussels through which participating countries seek to simplify and rationalize customs procedures。.





。.


circumvention - Measures taken by exporters to evade anti-dumping or countervailing duties. .


countervailing measures — Action taken by the importing country, usually in the form of increased duties to offset subsidies given to producers or exporters in the exporting country。.





NTMs — Non-tariff measures such as quotas, import licensing systems, sanitary regulations, prohibitions, etc。.


price undertaking - Undertaking by an exporter to raise the export price of the product to avoid the possibility of an anti-dumping duty. .


PSI — Preshipment inspection — the practice of employing specialized private companies to check shipment details of goods ordered overseas — i。.e。. price, quantity, quality, etc。.


QRs - Quantitative restrictions - specific limits on the quantity or value of goods that can be imported (or exported) during a specific time period. .。. A decision by a customs authority on origin can determine whether a shipment falls within a quota limitation, qualifies for a tariff preference or is affected by an anti-dumping duty。.


safeguard measures — Action taken to protect a specific industry from an unexpected build-up of 。.





subsidy — There are two general types of subsidies: export and domestic。. An export subsidy is a benefit conferred on a firm by the government that is contingent on exports。.


tariffication — Procedures relating to the agricultural market-access provision in which all non-tariff measures are converted into tariffs。.


trade facilitation - Removing obstacles to the movement of goods across borders (e.. g.. simplification of customs procedures). .


VRA, VER, OMA — Voluntary restraint arrangement, voluntary export restraint, orderly marketing arrangement。.


Textiles and clothing 。.


ATC - The WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing which integrates trade in this sector back to GATT rules within a ten-year period. .


carry forward — When an exporting country uses part of the following year’s quota during the current year。.


carry over - When an exporting country utilizes the previous year's unutilized quota. .


circumvention — Avoiding quotas and other restrictions by altering the country of origin of a product。.


CTG - Council for Trade in Goods - oversees WTO agreements on goods, including the ATC. .


integration programme — The phasing out of MFA restrictions in four stages starting on 1 January 。.


1995 and ending on 1 January 2005. .


ITCB — International Textiles and Clothing Bureau — Geneva-based group of some 20 developing country exporters of textiles and clothing。.


MFA - Multifibre Arrangement (1974-94) under which countries whose markets are disrupted by increased imports of textiles and clothing from another country were able to negotiate quota restrictions. .


swing — When an exporting country transfers part of a quota from one product to another restrained product。.


TMB - The Textiles Monitoring Body, consisting of a chairman plus ten members acting in a personal capacity, oversees the implementation of ATC commitments. .


。.


cause - or threaten - serious damage to the relevant domestic industry. .


Agriculture/SPS 。.


Agenda 2000 - EC's financial reform plans for 2000-06 aimed at strengthening the union with a view to receiving new members. . Includes reform of the CAP (see below). .


border protection — Any measure which acts to restrain imports at point of entry。.


BSE - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or "mad cow disease". .


box — Category of domestic support。. — Green box: supports considered not to distort trade and therefore permitted with no limits。.. . - Amber box: supports considered to distort trade and therefore subject to reduction commitments. .


Cairns Group — Group of agricultural exporting nations lobbying for agricultural trade liberalization。. It was formed in 1986 in Cairns, Australia just before the beginning of the Uruguay Round。.. .


CAP — Common Agricultural Policy — The EU’s comprehensive system of production targets and marketing mechanisms designed to manage agricultural trade within the EU and with the rest of the world。.


Codex Alimentarius - FAO / WHO commission that deals with international standards on food safety. .


distortion — When prices and production are higher or lower than levels that would usually exist in a competitive market。.


deficiency payment - Paid by governments to producers of certain commodities and based on the difference between a target price and the domestic market price or loan rate, whichever is the less. .


EEP — Export enhancement programme — programme of US export subsidies given generally to compete with subsidized agricultural exports from the EU on certain export markets。.


food security - Concept which discourages opening the domestic market to foreign agricultural products on the principle that a country must be as self-sufficient as possible for its basic dietary needs. .


。.


International Office of Epizootics - Deals with international standards concerning animal health. .


multifunctionality — Idea that agriculture has many functions in addition to producing food and fibre, e。.g。. environmental protection, landscape preservation, rural employment, etc。. See non-trade concerns。.


non-trade concerns - Similar to multifunctionality. . The preamble of the Agriculture Agreement specifies food security and environmental protection as examples. .。.


. . Expires at the end of 2003. .


reform process/program — The Uruguay Round Agriculture Agreement starts a reform process。. It sets out a first step, in the process, i。.e。. a program for reducing subsidies and protection and other reforms。.


SPS regulations — Sanitary and Phytosanitary regulations — government standards to protect human, animal and plant life and health, to help ensure that food is safe for consumption。.





Intellectual property 。.


Berne Convention - Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works. .


CBD — Convention on Biological Diversity。.


。. Allowed under the TRIPS Agreement provided certain procedures and conditions are fulfilled。. See also government use。.





exhaustion — The principle that once a product has been sold on a market, the intellectual property owner no longer has any rights over it。.。.





government use — For patents: when the government itself uses or authorizes other persons to use the rights over a patented product or process, for government purposes, without the permission of the patent owner。.. .


。.





Lisbon Agreement — Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of geographical indications and their international registration。.


Madrid Agreement - Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the repression of false or deceptive indications of source on goods. .


mailbox — Refers to the requirement of the TRIPS Agreement applying to WTO members which do not yet provide product patent protection for pharmaceuticals and for agricultural chemicals。.. . (An additional requirement says they must also put in place a system for granting "exclusive marketing rights" for the products whose patent applications have been filed..). .


parallel imports — When a product made legally (i。.e。. not pirated) abroad is imported without the permission of the intellectual property right-holder (e。.g。. the trademark or patent owner)。.


Paris Convention — Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of industrial intellectual property, i。.e。. patents, utility models, industrial designs, etc。.


. .


Rome Convention — Treaty, administered by WIPO, UNESCO and ILO, for the protection of the works of performers, broadcasting organizations and producers of phonograms。.





UPOV — International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants 。.


Washington Treaty - Treaty for the protection of intellectual property in respect of lay-out designs of integrated circuits. .


WIPO — World Intellectual Property Organization。.


Investment. .


export-performance measure — Requirement that a certain quantity of production must be exported。.


FDI - Foreign direct investment. .


local-content measure — Requirement that the investor purchase a certain amount of local materials for incorporation in the investor’s product。.





trade-balancing measure — Requirement that the investor use earnings from exports to pay for imports。.


TRIMS - Trade-related investment measures. .


Dispute settlement。.


Appellate Body - An independent seven-person body that, upon request by one or more parties to the dispute, reviews findings in panel reports. .


automaticity — The “automatic” chronological progression for settling trade disputes in regard to panel establishment, terms of reference, composition and adoption procedures。.


DSB - Dispute Settlement Body - when the WTO General Council meets to settle trade disputes. .


DSU — The Uruguay Round Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes。.


nullification and impairment - Damage to a country's benefits and expectations from its WTO membership through another country's change in its trade regime or failure to carry out its WTO. .


obligations。.


panel - Consisting of three experts, this independent body is established by the DSB to examine and issue recommendations on a particular dispute in the light of WTO provisions. .


Services 。.





commercial presence — Having an office, branch, or subsidiary in a foreign country。.





general obligations — Obligations which should be applied to all services sector at the entry into force of the agreement。.


Initial commitments - Trade liberalizing commitments in services which members are prepared to make early on. .


modes of delivery — How international trade in services is supplied and consumed。. Mode 1: cross border supply; mode 2: consumption abroad; mode 3: foreign commercial presence; and mode 4: movement of natural persons。.





national schedules — The equivalent of tariff schedules in GATT, laying down the commitments 。.


accepted - voluntarily or through negotiation - by WTO members. .


natural persons — People, as distinct from juridical persons such as companies and organizations。.





protocols — Additional agreements attached to the GATS。. The Second Protocol deals with the 1995 commitments on financial services。. The Third Protocol deals with movement of natural persons。.





schedule — “Schedule of Specific Commitments” — A WTO member’s list of commitments regarding market access and bindings regarding national treatment。.





Regionalism/trade and development 。.





Andean Community — Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela。.





ASEAN — Association of Southeast Asian Nations。. The seven ASEAN members of the WTO — Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand — often speak in the WTO as one group on general issues。


Caricom — The Caribbean Community and Common Market comprises 15 countries。.





Customs union — Members apply a common external tariff (e。.g。. the EC)。.


EC - European Communities (official name of the European Union in the WTO). .


EFTA — European Free Trade Association。.


free trade area - Trade within the group is duty free but members set own tariffs on imports from non-members (e.. g.. NAFTA). .


G15 — Group of 15 developing countries acting as the main political organ for the Non-Aligned Movement。.





G7 — Group of seven leading industrial countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States。.





GSP — Generalized System of Preferences — programmes by developed countries granting preferential tariffs to imports from developing countries。.


HLM - WTO High-Level Meeting for LDCs, held in October 1997 in Geneva. .


ITC — The International Trade Centre, originally established by the old GATT and is now operated jointly by the WTO and the UN, the latter acting through UNCTAD。.


LDCs — Least-developed countries。.


MERCOSUR - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. .


NAFTA — North American Free Trade Agreement of Canada, Mexico and the US。.


Quad - Canada, EC, Japan and the United States. .


SACU — Southern African Customs Union comprising Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland。.





UNCITRAL — United Nations Centre for International Trade Law, drafts model laws such as the one on government procurement。.


UNCTAD - The UN Conference on Trade and Development. .


Trade and environment 。.


Agenda 21 - The Agenda for the 21st Century - a declaration from the 1992 Earth Summit (UN Conference on the Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro. .


Article XX — GATT Article listing allowed “exceptions” to the trade rules。.


Basel Convention - An MEA dealing with hazardous waste. .


BTA — Border tax adjustment。.


CITES - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. . An MEA. .


CTE — The WTO Committee on Trade and Environment。.


EST - Environmentally-sound technology. .


EST&P — EST and products。.





LCA — Life cycle analysis — a method of assessing whether a good or service is environmentally friendly。.


MEA - Multilateral environmental agreement. .


Montreal Protocol — An MEA dealing with the depletion of the earth’s ozone layer。.





TBT — The WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade。.


waiver - Permission granted by WTO members allowing a WTO member not to comply with normal commitments. . Waivers have time limits and extensions have to be justified. .


On Oct。.20, Mr Denters gave a presentation on Trade and Environment, which is about Kyoto Protocol。.


Here's some background information and links on the topic:. .


KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE 。.


UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE. .


Summary of the Kyoto Report (Text Only)。.


Preface. .


。. The outcome of the meeting was the Kyoto Protocol, in which the developed nations agreed to limit their greenhouse gas emissions, relative to the levels emitted in 1990。.


The analysis in this report was undertaken at the request of the Committee on Science of the U。. S。. House of Representatives。.。. S。. economic growth, the cost and performance of energy-using technologies, and the possible construction of new nuclear power plants。.


The energy projections and analysis in this report were conducted using the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS), an energy-economy model of U. . S. . Energy markets designed, developed, and maintained by EIA. .。.


Chapter 1 of this report provides background discussion of the Kyoto Protocol and the framework and methodology of the analysis。. Chapter 2 summarizes the energy market results from the various carbon reduction cases。.。. Appendix B includes the detailed energy market results from the carbon reduction cases。.


。.





Yale University 。.


Lorna Greening. .


Consultant to Hagler Bailly Services, Inc。.


William Hogan. .


Harvard University 。.





Yale University 。.





Resources for the Future 。.


Richard Newell. .


Resources for the Future 。.


William Pizer. .


Resources for the Future 。.





Resources for the Future 。.


John Weyant. .


Stanford University Energy Modeling Forum。.


。. This report does not purport to represent the official position of the U。. S。. Department of Energy or the Administration。.





Annual Energy Outlook 1998, published in December 1997, with projections of domestic energy carbon emissions through 2020 。.





Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1996, published in October 1997, with an inventory of all domestic greenhouse gas emissions 。.


Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Voluntary Reporting, published in October 1997, reporting voluntary actions in 1995 to reduce greenhouse gases in the United States. .


Greenhouse Gases, Global Climate Change, and Energy, an information brochure on greenhouse gases。.





http://vitalgraphics。.grida。.no/kyoto/。.





http://unfccc。.int/2860。.php。.





http://cn。.news。.yahoo。.com/05jdyds/。.





http://www。.netcull。.com/news/fc/?9010198。.



About G-20. .




The inaugural meeting of the G-20 (Group of Twenty) took place in Berlin on 15-16 December 1999; it was hosted by the German finance minister Hans Eichel and chaired by the Canadian finance minister Paul Martin。.. .


1. Mandate。.





。.. .


2. Genesis。.


。.


。. But without the emerging-market countries the G-7's legitimacy and influence are constrained when dealing with issues which relate to development in the overall international economic and financial system。.. . The creation of the G-20 was designed to meet the need for closer cooperation between industrial and emerging-market countries. .


Prior to the creation of the G-20, similar groupings to promote dialogue and analysis had been set up at the initiative of the G-7 in 1998 (G-22) and 1999 (G-33)。. The G-22 met in Washington in April and October 1998。.。. Such a regular dialogue with a constant set of partners was institutionalized by the creation of the G-20 in 1999。.





。. Another member is the European Union, represented by the Council presidency and the European Central Bank。.. .


The G-20 thus brings together important industrial and emerging-market countries from all regions of the world。.. . Owing to its economic weight and broad membership, the G-20 enjoys a high degree of legitimacy and far-reaching influence. .


4.. Chair。.


。. The first chairman of the G-20 was the Canadian finance minister Paul Martin, who presided over the first three meetings held in Berlin in December 1999, Montreal in October 2000 and Ottawa in November 2001。.. . In 2003 the chairmanship passed to the Mexican finance minister Francisco Gil Diaz. . In 2004, German finance minister Hans Eichel chaired the group. . In 2005 China assumed the presidency of the G-20. .。.


5. . Meetings and activities. .


The G-20 finance ministers and central bank governors, plus their deputies, meet once a year。.. .。.





The ministers' and governors' meetings are prepared by a committee comprising the ministers' and governors' deputies。. As a rule the deputies meet twice a year。.


However, the G-20's activities are not confined to the meetings of the ministers and governors and of their deputies。.


6. Interaction with other international organisations。.





。.





· In addition, experts from private-sector institutions are invited to G-20 events on an ad hoc basis so as to exploit synergies in the dialogue on selected topics。.


7. . External communication. .


The country currently chairing the G-20 posts details of the group's meetings and work programme on a dedicated website。.. .


After each meeting of ministers and governors the G-20 publishes a communiqué which records the agreements reached and measures outlined and ensures the continuity of the work。.